Dexter Opening Sequence | Analysis

Dexter Opening Sequence | Analysis In this assignment, I analyse Dexters opening sequence by employing semiotic tools and interpret the intended meaning in the polysemic signs which anchor to the connotative associations in the narrative structure of this generic text. I have opted to carry out a semiotic analysis of Dexters opening credits that airs on premium cable, Showtime. In order to develop an unequivocal semiotic analysis, the meaning of the terms and different aspects of semiology must be made clear. There is a set of analytical tools used to examine a media text such as a sign, a signifier and a signified, iconic, indexical, symbolic, polysemic, intertexuality, codes, paradigms and syntagms. Semiotics is the study of how signs make meaning while a sign could be anything that represents something else. The signifier is the sign itself and the signified refers to the mental concept. Iconic describes a sign which resembles the signified whereas Symbolic refers to a sign which does not resemble the signified but is purely conventional. Indexical represents a sign which is innately connected in some way to the signified. Paradigm refers to a set of signs that are put together to induce meaning. Syntagm, on the other hand, is the term used to d escribe the construction of a sequence of signs in a particular relationship to one another. A media text containing many meanings is known as polysemia and its existence in relation to other media texts is called intertexuality. Now it is feasible to delve into the semiotic analyses of Dexters opening sequence as the basic terms of the semiotics are comprehensible. One of Barthes arguments in Rhetoric of the Image is that all images are polysemous; they imply, underlying their signifiers, a floating chain of signifieds, the reader able to choose some and ignore others (1977, p.32-55). The narrative structure of the opening is filled with polysemic codes where the paradigm of signs are combined to show a man going through his morning routine, the interpretation of the coded message actually convey a different meaning depending on the analysis of the syntagmatic relations of the signifiers. The signifiers not only represent their denotation but also contain malicious belligerent connotations leading the audience to an entirely different signifieds or notion of discernment based on their construal. The genre is the crime and suspense drama series as the use of verbal rhetoric and paradigm is particular of this type of generic text. The title scene of Dexter is a complex combination of signs where every element is signifying the message of murder. This view is supported by Fiske (1990, p.40) who states: The conveyance of messages takes place through the development and use of codes, the form and existence that these take depends on the society and culture within which they operate. The blood drops are an indexical sign which has connotation of murder. The title Dexter is an iconic linguistic sign written with blood stains spewed across it. The typography is indicative of murder and crime, using the Soda Script font in red which is yet another signifier. It contains connotative value as its signifieds are danger and devil that is usually depicted as coloured red and wearing a red costume in both iconography and popular culture. Further association of the red colour sign connotes to the phrase caught red-handed, meaning either caught in an act of crime or caught with the blood of murder still on ones hands. It also sets a tone of violence which could be interpreted as a significant characteristic of the show. By deciphering these codes we can construe the intended meaning of the media text. In regards to coded messages Robert Innis (1986, HYPERLINK http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem13.html#Innis_1986p.88) writes that an articulated code has a vocabulary of basic units together with syntactical rules which can be used to generate larger meaningful combinations. The very first shot in the opening scene shows a mosquito sucking blood out of the mans arm that he then slaps and kills. The mosquito is a signifier and signified is it sucks blood. It denotes to the viewer that killing a mosquito is good. The close up facial expression of the man is a presentational code after he kills the mosquito a subsequent self-satisfied smile spreads on his face. When you interpret the coded message being used you get a connotative implication that this is a man who likes killing or that is how he starts his daily routine. The narrative structure of the text also employs syntagmatic value by the linking of signs from paradigm sets for an intended meaning. The one scene shows the man using a dental floss which is a signifier and its denotative of removing food and dental plaque from teeth. He wraps it around his fingers tightly that we can see the fingers areas turn white which connotes to his use of strength and force. In the next shot we see a close up of hi s neck which consists of syntagmatic relationship signifying connotative aspect if we compare it with preceding and following shots. Subsequently the next coded message is a close up shot showing a rope swaddled around the hands that is being pulled making the blood rush to the sides and turning the area around the ropes on his hands turn white. These syntagmatic signs consist of coded message and rely on the intertextuality of the text. Kristeva referred to texts in terms of two axes: a horizontal axis connecting the author and reader of a text, and a vertical axis, which connects the text to other texts (1980, p.69). The interpretations of the meaning of these juxtaposed coded signs rely on the readers previous experience of seeing strangulation scenes in other texts. After examination and coalesces of the signifiers and signifieds in the following shots, its denotative of a man clearly tying his shoes in the morning. The aesthetic codes and conventions used to show a close up shot of a grapefruit being sliced contains polysemic signs. The paradigm method in which the slow motion and graphic slicing of the grapefruit splatters the juice is denotative but also operates indexically indicative of blood spatter at a connotative level. The extreme close up shot of the grapefruit is a sign which resembles distorted flesh. The close up scene of opening the shower null with force making a fist and the shot of his biceps are metonyms of his vindictive personality which signifies his use of force, strength and power. There is an extreme close up shot of slicing of the meat which is still wrapped in a plastic bag connotes to a corpse in a bag. In this context, signifiers not only represent denotation but also carry connotation leading the audience to different signifieds. The visual rhetoric of the man when he is looking at himself through the mirror is a blurred close up shot which is an artifice of connotation. With regard to media artefacts Long and Wall (2009, p.40) stated that a text is manufactured or constructed out of elements of language and existing meanings. The deliberate blurring of his reflection on the mirror presents us with a constructed signifier. The blur is a symbolic sign which distorts the vision, making it harder to identify anything or anyone. The blur could signify the mans secrete persona as his facial features are obscured. Furthermore, it connotes to the implication that he is hiding a dark secret or his true self and does not want to be perceptible. Serial killers are invisible: they look like anyone else is, they could be anyone else. At the denotative level of the syntagmatic structure of the scenes we see the man simply putting a white t-shirt on, however, these coded signifiers also anchor to the connotative signified. The codes and conventions employed anchor to the intended meaning thus exhibit possible polysemia of the signs. The polysemic visual signifier is a symbolic close up shot of the mans face where he is pulling the t-shirt tightly over his head which provides anchorage to the connotative association of a bag over a suffocation victim. The conventions used to provide a connotational framework at this echelon is a cultural code. The big close up shot of his face is an indexical sign and denotative of him trying to catch his breath and reinforces the polysemic connotation of suffocation. The polysemic analysis of the contours of his face emerging from behind the stretching fabric could be interpreted as him being the victim or his close connection with the murder or crime. The purposely use of the sign s has connotative implications that he could be a victim or he could be a criminal and predator who commits the murders. At a mythic level we understand this sign as activating the myth of murderers: Most killers lead lives that appear normal to anyone in the general public. Connotatively, the semiotic analysis of these coded signs interpret the simple relatable morning rituals of the man who takes pleasure in cutting into objects and cooking things that could have been alive signify the delight he gets in killing living and non-living things e.g mosquito, fruit, meat. The narrative structure of this text is a superb paradigm composition of signifiers and signifieds that has polysemic signs which once decoded connotes to menacing and destructive meaning. The rhetorical manner in which he holds his neck in the shaving scene is a symbolic sign containing coded message of strangulation. The drops of blood from the shaving accident are signifiers and the implication of murder is signified. Subsequent combining of signifiers and signifieds in a sequential close up shots denotes to a man eating an omelette which also anchors to the connotative meaning of the signifiers. The razor-sharp knife he uses to slice the omelette is a signifier. Even the black colour of the sharp knife is a coded signifier. We can interpret the polysemic meaning of the metaphorical sign of knife taking into account that it is not a bread knife which is generally used. The knife symbolises murder and the colour black stands for death, enigma, and pain. The red liquid is a signifier and the ketchup is signified. However, employing analytical tools of semiology we can interpret the connotative meaning of calculated use of the fluid to represent blood. The use of ketch up instead of mayonnaise or sauce is a premeditated sign. The signs have connotation of obsession with blood of the main character of the show which signifies that he could be a killer or he is closely associated with the blood and criminal activities. Moreover the analysis of indexical sign of blood epitomise the symbol of life or of taking it. The close up shot towards the end is a signifier where we get to see the clear view of Dexters face for the first time which abstracts him from the context and places the main focus on his face and presentational rhetoric of the text. The facial expression on his face is denotative and also connotes to a disturbing underlining meaning as he looks us in the eye. The shot lingers for just a little too long which provokes uncomfortable and agitated reaction and connotes that the man is hiding a dark secret. The suggestive sly smile spreads on his face that connotes his devious, vicious and cunning personality traits. It also connotes to the ability of the man to present himself as a normal face to the world but underneath he knows he is hiding his true nature from the world. The most common nonliteral sound to accentuate character personality or emotion is music. (Sonnenschein 2001). In this generic text, the presentational rhetoric is employed in encoding the non-diegetic music to convey the connotative meaning of playfulness and ominous. The music and digenetic sound evoke emotional and dramatic reaction through a combination of its elements: rhythm, melody, chords and instrumentation. The music signifier contains sassy and sinister horns that punctuate the visual signs in the paradigmatic narrative structure to direct our attention and induce particular meaning. For example the blood drops falling on the sink which connotes to a more sinister meaning in this context. This clearly relates to the Saussurean analytical division of the sign into a sound-image (signifier) and the mood of the generic text is signified. This notion is further supported by Cook (1998, p.8) who writes By working with the image the sound seeks to explain the events, emotions an d meaning, to transfer its clarity of meaning to the other. The diegetic environmental sounds aid in accentuating the actions of the character and anchor to the connotative meaning of the signifiers. The music and sound are very successful in providing a multi-accentuate meaning to the text which connotes to the menacing, sinister, mysterious and ambiguous characteristics of the man and the generic text. Gibbs (2002, p.82) articulates Mise-en-scà ¨ne enables you to anchor your understanding of a film In this text mise-en-scà ¨ne of the narrative structure of lighting, actor, cinematography and camera makes possible a series of suggestive meanings. The careful use of paradigm and syntagm in the narration abet us to decode the connotative association and experience nonliteral meaning as well as literary one. The paradigm use of graphic and gritty nature of close up shots in the entire narrative anchors to the connotation of intimacy, closeness, asphyxiatation, leaving no room for the viewer to breath. With regard to Close-Up shot frames Munsterberg (1970, p.33) writes The close-up heightens the vividness of that on which our mind is concentrating on. Editing, extreme CU frames, lighting, sound, and swiftness of the images reveal polysemia with notion of perception. Every signifier is polysemic, emotionally poignant and revealing. The indication of fear, concealment and murder is the ultimate goal of each scene. The intensity, saturation, hue and depth of colours play a significant role in the syntagmatic structure of the text anchoring to dark, mysterious, fiend mood. The enhancement of the colour red directs our attention on this particular element of the composition and also connotes to a more sinister meaning. The long shot of the man when he is leaving is a sign and alteration in the tone of the light also has polysemic meaning as it renders our own notion of vision (and judgement) as unreliable or at least questionable. The purpose of the change in the lighting signifies that the man leads a double life or he has two personalities. When he is alone in his room he is himself as the tone of colours are saturated presenting a darker and baleful disposition of the man. But once he is outside the use of cheerful morning bright colours reinforces the connotation of the man leading a double life and keeping a secret. The nod he gives to the camera or audience is a sign which signify his ackno wledgement that we know his secret. The question arises that if he is portrayed as an antihero seeing that he is the main character of the show and has connotation of close associated of blood and murder. It also fortifies the myth of killers that the murderers could be anyone at all and are quite indistinguishable from ordinary people as we see the narrative structure following the man doing daily rituals with polysemic relationship. (Cameron Elizabeth 1987) The rich use of symbolic metonymies in the narrative structure to create malevolent connotations out of a denotatively peaceful routine which we can all relate to makes this media text fascinating to analyse semiotically. The codes and conventions used in the rhetoric construe syntagmic relationship which instantly conveys one sign or denotation to the audience but semiotic analysis of these signs decipher the true intended meaning. At the connotation level all the visual symbols are interacting to create a sinister, darker, destructive notion of perception which insinuates murder. REFERENCES: Barthes, Roland (1977), The Rhetoric of the Image in Heath, Stephen (Trans) Image, Music, Text. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 32-51 Innis, Robert E. (1986), Semiotics: An Introductory Reade. London: Hutchinson. pp. 88 Kristeva, Julia (1980), Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.69 Long, Paul and Wall, Tim (2009), Media Studies: Texts, Production and Context. England: Longman. pp. 40 Sonnenschein, David (2001), Sound Design: The Expressive Power Of Music,Voice and Sound Effects in Cinema. USA: Michael Wiese. pp. 178 Saussure, Ferdinand de (1974), Course in General Linguistics. London: Fontana. pp. 128 Cook, Nicholas (1998), Analysing Musical Multimedia. London: Oxford University Press. pp.8 Gibbs, John (2002), Mise-en-scà ¨ne:Film Style And Interpretation. London: Wallflower Press. pp.82 Munsterberg, Hugo (1970), The Film: A Psychological Study. New York: Dover Publications. pp.33 Cameron, Deborah and Frazer, Elizabeth (1987), The Lust To Kill. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp.158

Love is a logical Fallacy Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Love is a logical fallacy. In Metamorphoses, even the god of pure reason, Apollo is ridiculed and behaves irrationally while the Phaedra of Seneca violated all norms of proper female behavior for the sake of her love. Truly, love makes people do the most illogical and impractical acts. Love is a logical fallacy because had reason intervened, the ill-fate of the characters in both works would be largely abated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In book twelve of the Metamorphoses, Priam laments Paris’ incontinence. By his rape of Helen and his rejection of Hera as the fairest goddess, Paris had effectively doomed Priam’s city of Troy. Priam, Hector and all others of Priam’s sons wept for the tragedy that would soon befall the city. Not so for Paris because he felt that his love for Helen, and the love she felt for him in return was just compensation. Such is the hubris that Paris’ love brought upon the house of Priam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hubris too drove Phaedra, who was married to Thesus to attempt to seduce her foster son Hippolytus. Many artifices and guiles will she employ through out the play but Hippolytus refuses to dishonor his father’s memory by committing incest on the queen. Phaedra will become increasingly desperate even co-opting her wet nurse to help her win over the young Hippolytus but to no avail. In the end Phaedra will even accuse Hippolytus of indeed having relations with her to his father Thesus. Hippolytus will die because of her slander. Indeed when they said â€Å"love conquers all† they had the love-crazed Phaedra in mind. Her insane love conquered all reason from her mind and led her to an untimely and unfortunate end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Still another story of hubris from the Metamorphoses is the ill-fate of Midas. Already wealthy and a reasonably powerful king Midas desired gold above all other treasures. So Bacchus grants him the power to turn all that he touches into gold. He soon embarks upon a tragic quest to gain as much gold as his can until he soon turns even his daughter into gold. The lust for gold ruined all that was good around him. The tragedy of Midas was that he was so blinded by his love for gold that he did not realize how much that he truly loved could be lost. No less tragic was the life of Thesus in Phaedra. After returning from the dead Thesus is greeted by his wife with the accusation that Hippolytus had had his way with her. Blinded with rage over the mishandling of his ‘beloved’ wife Thesus says a prayer to Neptune for the redress of his wrongs. Sure as a sunrise, Neptune strikes down Hippolytus by having him ripped apart by his horses. Never mind that he was entirely innocent to begin with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, even if Amor, the Roman Cupid, can drive all reason from those he assails not all of his conquests have turned to evil. One example is the love story of Thetis and Peleus, the soon to be famous parents of Achilles. Evil was still done to the two but eventually their escapade resulted in some good being accomplished. In the story of the two lovers in book   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thetis was a sea nymph whose beauty so drew Peleus that the poor king would soon be driven to desperate measures to gain her. Just like Phaedra he begins a campaign of seduction that is initially rebuffed by the coy nymph mirroring the failed seduction efforts of Phaedra upon Hippolytus. However, while Phaedra is ultimately unsuccessful Peleus has some measure of success.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After a whole day of trying to conquer Thetis, and Thetis trying to break free eventually Thetis tires of their struggles and consents to have relations with Peleus. As will later be seen, this union will result in Achilles perhaps the most famous Greek in story and in Song.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hippolytus tried to stay loyal to his father by refusing to acquiesce to his step-mother’s incestuous desires. His deep love for his father does not allow him to dishonor him especially not so soon. Eventually, Phaedra accuses him wrongly and Thesus prayers leads to his death. However, in his death some good is achieved since Phaedra confesses her incestuous desires and the innocence of Hippolytus. As this sampling of the two works suggests love is not places in very high regard by these two authors. By allowing reason to be overwhelmed by love, or lust, the heroes and gods are led down ill paths. Phaedra embarks of a sickening path of incestuous seduction, Midas loses everything to worthless gold, Troy will burn for the indiscretion of the boy Paris. Thesus will slay his own son out of blind love for Phaedra. They are a just a few examples, how love conquered the rational thought of the characters and brought them ill fate. If any good is achieved it is accidental and to be realized later on. Tragedy still befalls those who imbibe in love regardless of what good will occur later because of it. Just ask Hippolytus who was torn apart by his horses before Phaedra would realize the error of her ways. Trully, love is a logical fallacy. Both Greek and Roman prized reason and common sense over love. It is by allowing ourselves to be buffeted by the winds of love that tragedy befalls. Therefore, we must ever be vigilant lest our reason be mastered by this logical fallacy.

The Good Topics for a Rhetorical Analysis Essay Chronicles

The Good Topics for a Rhetorical Analysis Essay Chronicles For an adequate comprehension of Revelation, the reader must recognize that it's a distinct sort of literature. Help readers not knowledgeable about the poem and its context gain a deep comprehension of how the poet employs language. Pick a poem by a poet who's very different from you in a minumum of one way. In your essay, analyze the language of the section you've chosen and think about the way the author's specific word choice produces a difference in just what the excerpt communicates with respect to the theme. Top Choices of Good Topics for a Rhetorical Analysis Essay The more you practice rhetorical analysis, the simpler it is going to be to figure out how just the author or the speaker is attempting to persuade their audience. If you are able to analyze any book for your rhetorical assignment, choose the work you recognize well. The principal point is that rhetorical papers are not the same as others. Vocabu lary Utilize all types of vocabulary that you could think about. There are many different on-line tools that you're able to use for proofreading, as an example, Grammarly, Ginger, After The Deadline, Paper Rater among many more. These essays take additional time to make certain you comprehend the work you're analyzing to the maximum degree. If you are supposed to compose a rhetorical analysis essay as part of your AP English exam, then you'll be taking it in class. Speeches really stick out among others. Abortion is undeniably important. If you're religious, a sermon may be the most fascinating topic for you. Rhetoric may also be implemented through the usage of carefully selected words. Good Topics for a Rhetorical Analysis Essay for Dummies Therefore, it's better to shape an outline that you will follow to set your notes and ideas in the appropriate order in your essay. You should read different authors' books and consider the style of writing they use and you need to s tart looking in the plethora of information out there. Be certain to include proper citations too. The Argument About Good Topics for a Rhetorical Analysis Essay It's also vital to make a sound thesis and provide the arguments proving your point throughout the entire paper. Any illustration of rhetorical analysis incorporates strong arguments made from powerful descriptive adverbs and adjectives. You have to have an argument. At times, the best method to understand how to write a great argument is to begin by analyzing different arguments. Writing a rhetorical essay isn't that difficult after you have understood what it is about. Students are often scared of rhetorical analysis essays because they don't know how to write them. Body It's the main portion of the essay. Introduction is a rather important portion of the academic paper also. Introducing Good Topics for a Rhetorical Analysis Essay To actually rock the paper a writer that may conquer all 3 methods in 1 paper has produced a triple threat. Also, do not forget that your reader is already acquainted with the text, so you don't will need to summarize the text in their opinion. Rhetorical analysis example does not need a whole lot of external research, but you may want to include sources that explain various procedures of persuasion to demonstrate the method by which the author of the works you're analyzing convinces their audience. Attempt to pick the most recent sources in addition to writing techniques. What to Do About Good Topics for a Rhetorical Analysis Essay The first kind of appeal is known as the pathetic appeal. The second sort of rhetorical appeal is known as the ethical appeal. The logical appeal utilizes reason to earn a circums tance. The ethical appeal utilizes the writer's own credibility and character to earn a case and earn approval. The Ultimate Good Topics for a Rhetorical Analysis Essay Trick Opt for the subtopic with the most extensive research, which means that your paper is well-researched. Whether you're going with a guide, or newspaper column, you can absolutely apply exactly the same rules to bring forward a decent rhetorical analysis. When you Korea University custom essay cheap Greek and Roman History have found the ideal grant, you need to ascertain what are the needs of the organization and create the elements of your grants to coincide with them. As an instance, if you're studying economics or finance, you can want to understand more about taxes.

Opinions on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide - 1347 Words

Opinions of euthanasia and assisted suicide vary by country to country, and only a few nations permit euthanasia in the case of terminally ill patients (van der Heide et. al., 2007, p. 1957). The public discourse surrounding the ethical, and subsequently legal status of euthanasia is frequently heated and somewhat polarized, because the debate cuts to the very heart of notions of human rights and ethics. Unfortunately, this only tends to further obscure the issue at hand, which is in reality a fairly simple question. Namely, what is more important; the preservation of individual human life for as long as possible, potentially despite the wishes of the individual, or allowing an individual to choose the time and manner of his or her death? As will be seen, the only reasonable answer to this question is to favor individual freedom, but first, it will be necessary to counter some of the distractions and misinformation that opponents of euthanasia use to avoid confronting the essential q uestion at hand. Before addressing why euthanasia for terminally ill patients must be permitted in any reasonably just society, it is necessary to counter what opponents of euthanasia argue are the potentially negative social consequences of the practice. The essence of the argument against euthanasia is that it devalues human life, and a natural corollary of this belief is the notion that the legalization of euthanasia will result in a subsequent increase of the practice and a furtherShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Euthanasia863 Words   |  4 PagesThis is why Euthanasia is important and summarizing the research that I found on Euthanasia. Euthanasia is important because there is a lot of arguments about Euthanasia. 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People are wondering whether or not it is the most humane thing to do. If dogs can be putdown, why not people? The reason is in that question. They are people. Every life is important, no matter how long it may be. Instead of finding a way to get rid of people faster, the government could put those efforts in something more positiv e. If other people are considering whether or not the patients’ life

The Mainstreaming Of The Internet And Social Networking Sites

The mainstreaming of the internet and social networking sites has facilitated bullying and seen the evolution of the cyberbully. NSW Department of Education and Communities (2011b), define bullying as â€Å"repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behavior that is harmful and involves the misuse of power†¦ towards one or more persons†. However, bullying becomes cyberbullying when the perpetrator uses technology to execute the attack (Bryce and Fraser, 2013). Bullying is considered to be one of the most widespread forms of aggression in schools with impacts ranging from anxiety and distress to more serious impacts such as suicide (Drennan, Brown Mort, 2011; Kwan Skoric, 2013). Studies have shown three distinguishing features that differentiate cyberbullying; anonymity, a wider audience and the longevity of content loaded onto the internet (Bryce and Fraser; Kwan Skoric). Furthermore, Bryce and Fraser found disinhibition of the perpetrator to be a factor in the severity of the bullying with young people reporting aggressors would say things online that they potentially would not say in person. Research highlights the fact that it is the same features of online social networking intended to increase connectivity such as increased capability to share information and tools to broaden our social network; that also increase the potential for attack (Kwan Skoric). This growing body of research clearly defines additional vulnerabilities due to the addition of technologyShow MoreRelatedRacism And Dissemination Based On Hatred And Racial Superiority1274 Words   |  6 Pages Racism on the Internet Kristofer Palmer Texas AM University San Antonio Aug 8, 2014 Racism and dissemination based on hatred and racial superiority were pressing social problem prior to the emergence of the information age and digital communications. Long before the internet entered our homes racist groups made use of other communication tools including the telephone networks as far back as theRead MoreOnline Education : The Final Milestone Of American Culture1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthey can afford. That’s where online education comes in as an exciting alternative. Colleges and universities should offer more fully online courses because it can benefit tech savvy students, busy scheduled students, and students with physical or social disorders. Online courses are stress-free and with online tools it is much easier to learn at their pace. Whether they have to work during the day, or take care of a child, going to strictly scheduled events may not be an option for them. ThereforeRead MoreImpact of Ict on Education in Kenya5848 Words   |  24 Pagesearliest. Children learn faster and can adapt to changes relatively easily. If they are trained during their school years, they have a high chance of becoming experts in technology. Computers can give lovelier explanations to various subjects. The internet is an ocean of information which can be harnessed for the rendition of information in school. The inclusion of technology in the learning process makes learning an enjoyable activity, thus inviting greater interest from the learners. The administrationRead MoreSamsung Case Study6174 Words   |  25 Pages educational reform, science and technology influences Samsung as well. | * Main contributor of economy status in south KoreaChange driver- top down reform of the Korean economy to meet the rapidly changing conditions of the world economy. | SOCIAL | TECHNOLOGICAL | * Value human capital and their culture.Change driver- provides equality in different generations, gender, levels and departments. | * Making technology as an important aspect in company’s developmentChange driver- quickRead MoreSharing Economy10348 Words   |  42 Pages.................................................................. 7 Economical benefits.......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Social benefits ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 A MULTI-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE ON THE SHARING ECONOMY .....................Read MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagesrelations between peoples of the world. Though the world has changed over the past sixty years and continues to change at an ever increasing rate, UNESCO’s mission - a commitment to promoting universal values of peace and nonviolence, human rights and social justice, intercultural dialogue and mutual understanding – persists with growing urgency. UNESCO’s approach to educating for peace is multidimensional, in that it links education with a range of activities that address the root causes of violence

What Is Hypnosis Free Essays

string(170) " a rate of 9 to 14 cycles per second and are present when we are engaged in some relaxed, creative or problem solving task and are accompanied by feelings of well-being\." What Is Hypnosis? Describe the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis and discuss the role of relaxation in Hypnotherapy. Before we can begin to discuss anything about hypnotherapy, it is important to discuss what hypnosis actually is. This essay aims to arrive at a definition of hypnosis by describing the psychological and physical aspects and looking at it use by hypnotherapists and the role of relaxation within this. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Hypnosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of hypnosis dates back to the times of ancient Egypt and it has been quite a contentious history. From Mesmer to de Puysegur in the 1700’s; from the first use of the term hypnosis by Braid in 1840 to it’s use as an anaesthetic in surgery by Esdaile and Elliotson; from the work of Erikson (widely regarded to be the grandfather of modern hypnosis) to the present day, the debate continues and theorists are divided as to the true nature of hypnosis. These differences of opinion stem from difficulties in actually measuring hypnosis. Hypnosis is a subjective experience and, as such, no two individuals who undergo the process will have exactly the same experience. Often requiring the use of psychological measures, it is, therefore, more difficult to measure reliably in comparison to physiological matters such as heart rate and blood pressure; although, technological advances in the use of EEG’s (electroencephalograms) and neuroimaging have been very useful. Hence, the nature of hypnosis has long been the subject of contentious debate between those who seek scientific experimental explanations of its various psychological and physical aspects and those hypnotherapists who seek to use it as a tool with which to help people. Even today, theorists are divided into two camps: State theorists who believe that the practice of hypnosis brings about an altered state of consciousness and non-state theorists who believe that the hypnotic state or trance is little different from everyday relaxation and that its effects are merely reactions to suggestions which would have occurred without the use of hypnotic induction, e. g. Spanos (1982). However, for the purpose of this essay, I will assume that the state theorists are correct and assert that hypnosis is an altered state of mind which occurs through the use of a set of techniques by the hypnotist. It can enhance a person’s concentration and responsiveness to suggestion in order to enable them to make desired and beneficial changes to their behaviours, feelings, thoughts and physiological state, thereby enhancing their lives. There are a number of complex psychological aspects involved in hypnosis. In 1951, Solomon Asch carried out a study of conformity whereby subjects were told that they were taking part in a study of visual perception with 6 other people. In fact, only one person in each group was the true subject of Asch’s experiment as the other 6 were aware of the true nature of the study. Each participant in turn (the subject being last) was asked to say which line from a set of three was the same length as the line on the target card. The answers were obvious, but on hearing all the other participants give incorrect answers, in one out of three trials they gave the same incorrect answers. In the control group where the subjects were asked to write their answers in private, incorrect responses were rare. This experiment has been difficult to replicate more recently as modern culture has changed the way that people conform. The work of Milgram in 1963 showed that ordinary people (65% of subjects) were willing to follow the instructions of an authority figure even if this involved apparently causing harm to others i. e, punishing them with a shock of 450 volts for answering a question incorrectly. Such studies show that, as people, we tend to be more comfortable when we fit in, conform, or comply with the instructions of those in authority. As clients would generally be considered to have some level of rapport with their hypnotist it is reasonable to assume that some responses to suggestion could be explained in these terms. For example, if a hypnotist suggests that a clients arm feels so light that it may float into the air, the client may raise their arm because they feel that this is what is expected and they would feel uncomfortable if they did not conform with the perceived expectation of the hypnotist. It is important to understand this innate need to conform, which we all have, in terms of the people with whom we will work and always endeavour to treat people with respect and professionalism. There is also a possibility that some aspect of role-play may be involved on the part of the client i. , they may behave in a way that they believe a hypnotised person should behave. The concept of attribution may also have a part to play; i. e. does the subject attribute the experience they have had to having being hypnotised or do they attribute their experience to having been deeply relaxed and engrossed in their internal image? Other psychological aspects involved in hypnosis are the use of selective atte ntion whereby the subject concentrates on a limited range of usually internal stimuli such as feelings and imagery and imagination here the subject is often instructed by the hypnotist to imagine a scene. The above section describes the psychological aspects of hypnosis, so what are the physical aspects? As mentioned above, the use of electroencephalogram’s (EEG) and neuroimaging with hypnotised subjects have been able to identify differences in brain functioning in hypnotised people. Askerinsky Kleitman (1953) were able to show that hypnotised subjects were not in fact asleep as some early theories had suggested. Different levels of consciousness produce different levels of electrical activity within the brain. Beta Waves occur at a rate of 15 to 40 cycles per second and are present when our minds are engaged and focussed, perhaps in conversation or learning a new task. Alpha waves occur at a rate of 9 to 14 cycles per second and are present when we are engaged in some relaxed, creative or problem solving task and are accompanied by feelings of well-being. You read "What Is Hypnosis" in category "Papers" Alpha waves are not present when we are experiencing anger fear, high arousal levels or when we are in deep sleep but are present during light trance/hypnotic state. During this state, relaxation of the body may occur; breathing and pulse rate slow and an individual may appear to be day-dreaming as they direct their attention towards their imagination. Theta Waves occur at a rate of 4 to 8 cycles per second and are associated with our subconscious mind where our past experiences and memories are held. Freud was the first theorist to propose the presence of the unconscious mind. This is the area of our minds which deals with non-voluntary bodily functions, thus freeing up the rest of our minds for things which we actively need to think about. Theta waves may be present when we are day dreaming, carrying out automatic well learned tasks such as driving and when we dream. They are associated with calmness and feelings of serenity and are present in medium and deep hypnotic states. During moderate and deep hypnotic states a person may lose awareness of their surroundings but gain an increased awareness of their internal functions (breathing/heart rate). Imagery becomes more intense and suggestions may be interpreted literally. Limbs may feel limp or stiff; attention narrows further and there may be loss of environmental awareness. Delta Waves occur at a rate of 1 to 4 cycles per second. These are the slowest waves which are present when are in our deepest state of rest when no other waves are present. When these waves are present we are in a state of sleep and possibly very deep hypnosis such as the Esdaile State used by the surgeon of the same name in order to anaesthetise patients for surgery. In addition other physical aspects of hypnosis include, feeling warm or cold and tingling of the extremities. Subjects often feel sleepy and close their eyes and there can be a reduction in response to noise. Some people experience feeling strange or detached and dissociated from their body or surroundings and feelings of floating are common. These feelings vary from person to person and are dependent upon an individuals’ psychological predisposition and responses as described above. No two people will have exactly the same response to hypnosis and each experience is subjective. As we go through the different levels of consciousness our brain wave activity changes in a smoothly organised manner. For example, when relaxing into sleep we go from Beta to Alpha, to Theta and finally Delta waves predominate. The reverse happens as we awake. The waves which predominate during hypnosis are Alpha and Theta and it is these waves which provide a route to our subconscious. Relaxation has an important role to play in Hypnotherapy. Jacobson (1929) was the first to note the helpfulness of consciously relaxing muscles to enable them to maintain a relaxed state and improve the health and wellbeing of his patients. Most hypnotic screeds include suggestions of relaxation which help the subject to physically relax to the degree that Alpha and Theta brain waves are produced. Suppressed memories may be brought to the surface when Theta waves are present and although this may be painful, it offers the client the opportunity to discuss and address any such issues with their hypnotherapist if they choose to do so. Such therapy can be helpful and aid healing if carried out with sensitivity. As a cautionary note, Mingay (1988) suggests that dissociated memories accessed under hypnosis may be at risk of contamination by fantasy or leading questions on the part of the hypnotherapist. Along with this deep, relaxation comes an increase in suggestibility, i. e. we tend to respond to suggestions made by the hypnotherapist more readily than we would generally. Heap (1996) argues that suggestion and trance are crucial to any definition of hypnosis. Whilst in a deeply relaxed hypnotic state, the Hypnotherapist is able to make suggestions which can help the subject to change their behaviours, feelings or thought patterns in a beneficial way. For example, if a client wishes to stop smoking, the hypnotherapist might suggest that they now choose to be a non-smoker. In fact, there are a number of ways in which a Hypnotherapist can utilise suggestion whilst a client is in a relaxed hypnotic state in order to produce beneficial effects. It can be used to produce anaesthesia in the body – the use of hypnosis for surgery has been mentioned above but there is ample evidence that hypnotic suggestion can influence physiological responses governed by the autonomic nervous system. Grabowska (1971) found that subjects were able to alter the blood flow in their forearms via hypnotic suggestion and Olness et el (1989) found that children were able to alter their concentrations of salivary immunoglobulin A. The use of Progressive Muscle Relaxation during hypnotic induction not only enables subjects to enter a hypnotic trance state and more readily accept beneficial suggestions but repeated use of PMR during Hypnotherapy can enable clients to be able to relax more readily in general and in situations where they may ordinarily become very stressed. Suggestions can be given which allow people to relax when needed as long as it is safe to do so and such techniques can be used to reduce general anxiety and stress, help improve sleep patterns and reduce phobic fear reactions to such things as public speaking and flying. In conclusion, hypnosis is not of itself a therapy. It is a state of mind which can be induced and its use in hypnotherapy can be described as a complex psychological interaction between the hypnotherapist and their client(s) during which the hypnotherapist uses the hypnotic screed, which often includes an element of PMR, to enable the client to relax encouraging the presence of Alpha and Theta brain waves and access to the subconscious. In this state, the clients’ concentration and responsiveness to suggestions made by the hypnotherapist increases, thereby enabling them to make desired, beneficial changes to their behaviours, feelings and thoughts and thus, enhancing their lives. References: Hadley, J. Staudacher, C. 1996, Hypnosis for Change; 3rd edn; Canada, New Harbinger publications Heap, M. , Dryden, W. , 1991, Hypnotherapy: A Handbook, OU Press How to cite What Is Hypnosis, Papers What is hypnosis Free Essays string(69) " not during times of fear, anger, in a deep sleep or highly aroused\." The earliest known description of hypnosis dates back more than 6000 years ago to rites performed in Egyptian sleep temples. The Indus Vedas knowledge sacred book written around 1500 BC, mentions the use of hypnotic techniques and procedures in detail yet in 2012 we still find it difficult to answer the question â€Å"what is hypnosis?†. ‘All sciences alike have descended from magic and superstition, but none have been so slow as hypnosis in shaking off the association of its origin’. We will write a custom essay sample on What is hypnosis? or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Clark Hull, Hypnosis and suggestibility, 1984). The grandfather of hypnosism is regarded to be Franz Anton Mesmer who achieved some very amazing cures. He was, however, prone to be a bit theatrical wearing long flowing robes and brandishing a wand to complete his wizard image. Treatments and cures were conducted in large arenas with many onlookers. The film Svengali, although pure fiction did a lot to discredit hypnosis for many years by portraying hypnotists as evil predators and also inspired the emerging stage hypnotists. Even today stage hypnotists continue to discredit hypnotism making it hard to be taken seriously as an emerging science. It is my view that the use of hypnotism for entertainment should be completely banned. Abuse allegations where hypnotism has been said to be a contributing factor still regularly appear in our newspapers fueling the public perception that the only safe hypnosis is that which is performed in a public arena in front of millions of people for entertainment. My introduction would not be complete without mentioning the impact of the church. As a practicing Christian I find it difficult to understand how people practicing the same faith as me could believe that hypnotism could be believed to be evil. What i find more astounding is the fact that some people, educated people still think that today. ‘Whilst hypnosis and its use in hypnotherapy seem merely to be the input by the hypnotist of ideas into the subconscious of a subject in a heightened state of suggestibility, I would contend that this art of psychic manipulation is in fact of demonic origin. Though these roots of hypnosis are now obscured by an undergrowth of scientific jargon, it remains a dangerous activity to anyone involved.’ (Dr A. D. Bambridge, Nucleus, 1987) There is no exact definition of what hypnosis is, mainly because no such definition can be agreed upon by all the experts. It has been described as ‘the deliberate inducement or facilitation by one person in another person or a number of people of a trance state. A trance state is one in which a person’s usual means of orientating himself in reality have faded, so that the boundaries between the external world and the inner world of thoughts, feelings, memories and imagination begin to dissolve.’ (Robin Waterfield, Hidden Depths, 2004). It has also been described as ‘a state of mental relaxation and restricted awareness in which the subjects are usually engrossed in their inner experiences such as feelings and imagery, are less analytical and logical in their thinking, and have an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestions in an automatic and dissociated manner.’ (Windy Dryden, Hypnotherapy, a handbook, 1991). The clearest description being ‘a state of mind brought about by the use of a set of techniques. It enhances an individual’s concentration and increases their responsiveness to suggestion in order to make the beneficial changes that the individual may wish to make in their thought patterns, their behaviour or their physiological state.’ (Chrysalis, 2010) ‘It is probably more useful to describe hypnosis than attempt to define it. Features of the hypnotic state include the following: Acceptance of imaginary phenomena in place of sensory experience, and detachment from the sensorium; Suspension of reality testing, suspension of everyday cognitive logic and secondary-process thinking; Narrowing of attention (a sort of mental tunnel vision) to the content of the focus of the hypnotic exercise: suggested by the therapist or created by the subject’s own imagination or memory; ‘splitting’ of consciousness into separate channels that communicate in only one direction (i.e. The subject’s normal consciousness, attitudes, reality testing and so on continue and are aware of the content of the hypnotised self, but the latter is unaware of the former); A rather regressed or developmentally immature frame of mind (closely akin to some transference phenomena in analysis or analytic therapy); Commitment to a substitute reality described by the therapist or the patient’s own imagination and memory.’ (Hellmut Karle and Jennifer Boys, Hypnotherapy a practical handbook, 1987) The mind still remains unmeasurable and unquantifiable and therefore a definition of any science or therapy based on the mind will always remain something open to debate and discussion. The fact that the hypnotic experience is personal and each individual will experience something different simply complicates things further. ‘There are a number of people, academics above all, who simply do not believe in the existence of mind. They think that this a naive belief held by the rest of us, and that the phenomena attributed to our minds are best explained otherwise.’ (Robin Waterfield, Hidden Depths, 2004). It seems the best that the experts can do is fairly agree as to the psychological and physiological phenomena experienced during hypnosis. Psychological phenomena often experienced during hypnosis could include hyper suggestibility (so important that it is often considered definitional of hypnosis), time distortion (when an hour may appear to pass in a minute), super learning and creativity, spontaneous age regression, hypermnesia and amnesia. (Robin Waterfield, Hidden Depths, 2004) Since the invention of the electroencephalogram in 1929 we have been able to measure the electrical activity of the brain. Scientists have determined that there are four main brain waves which vary in frequency. 1. Beta waves (15 to 40 cycles per second). These are typical of a focused and engaged mind. These are found in abundance in our modern, busy life style. 2. Alpha waves (9 to 14 cycles per second). These are typical of taking a rest after an activity. They are present during times of creativity and problem solving but not during times of fear, anger, in a deep sleep or highly aroused. You read "What is hypnosis?" in category "Papers" 3. Theta waves (4 to 8 cycles per second). These are present during sleeping and some meditative states.. These are associated with (amongst other things) medium to deep hypnosis. These waves are associated with our subconscious mind. You may be in the theta range when daydreaming or driving a car. It is where we engage with our intuition learning and creativity. It is where we have our best ideas. You may recall having moments such as these on a car journey or in the bath. 4. Delta waves (1 to 4 cycles per second). These waves are produced at our slowest, deepest state of rest. There are never any other waves active. They are present during the deepest hypnosis and sleepless sleep. You can never reach 0 cycles per second as that is brain dead. These waves will dip and flow and at any one moment one will be predominant and the others will just be present as a trace and moving from one to another depending on the state of the individual. From what we know about the frequencies we can see that hypnosis occurs during alpha and theta waves and that these waves are associated with relaxation which we will discuss later. Although philosophers and mystics may have been reflecting on a subconscious mind for centuries our understanding of it only dates back to the time of Sigmund Freud. We know that it is responsible for the non-voluntary bodily functions that keep our bodies working from one day to the next freeing our mind up to concentrate on the things of the day. Think about all those skills we learned within the first year or two of our lives – moving limbs, making a noise, swallowing food, standing, walking etc etc. Imagine for one moment that all those skills had to be thought about each and every time we wanted to use them. Our day would be completely filled with just those things. We learn those skills and then pass them to the subconscious mind to action them, leaving our conscious mind free to learn more and develop. So hypnosis is simply about assisting someone to reach the state where the predominant brain waves are the alpha and theta waves and so access their subconscious mind. As mentioned previously these waves are associated with relaxation which has, as our life styles have become more and more busy over time, become more and more difficult to achieve on ones own. Hypnosis and relaxation are not the same. Hypnosis uses relaxation techniques to relax the body and relaxation is an indication that a person has achieved a hypnotic state. The difference is that hypnosis aims to reach a special state of consciousness where selective attention and increased suggestibility are present. Hypnosis will then use this state to effect changes in a person through beneficial suggestions A brief look at the physiology of muscles shows us that muscle units work on an all or nothing principle, meaning they are either contracting or relaxed and there are no other states. The problem is that due to the constant stress that modern living brings with it some muscles, in particular the shoulders and neck, are constantly in contraction. In 1929 Dr Edmond Jacobson discovered that most of his patients, all with unrelated problems, had tense muscles and that by relaxing these muscles he could reduce the severity of their symptoms. He also noticed that most patients were not aware of the tension they carried with them. He developed a technique called Progressive Muscle Relaxation (or PMR) which enabled the patients to relax their muscles and keep them relaxed and thereby improve their physical, mental and emotional state. Hypnosis uses an updated form of PMR to achieve the same results. We know that relaxation does not mean laying on a bed and it does not mean being asleep. We will all have experienced times when we have driven somewhere and cannot remember getting there. We certainly would not say we were asleep. Long distance runners will also experience the same phenomena and often cannot remember huge amounts of the run. As a long distance runner myself I am aware of the importance of relaxing whilst running and can bring my pulse rate back to normal within a mile or two of the start of a run. I having been practicing PMR techniques for years whilst running without knowing that it existed In conclusion then it is still difficult to answer then question of what is hypnosis with a simple definition because in the past it has been so closely associated with theatrical entertainment or rejected by the church or wrapped in superstition, falsely portrayed as evil on film and used by some to abuse people that the scientific community never took it seriously as a science until recently. The fact that a number of academics deny the existence of the mind does not help matters either. We can begin to describe it in terms of the psychological and physiological phenomena experienced during hypnosis but not much more. We know that there is nothing mystical or magical about the hypnotic state. Put simply it is assisting someone to reach the state where the predominant brain waves are the alpha and theta waves and so access their subconscious mind where selective attention and increased suggestibility are present and then use this state to effect changes in the person through beneficial suggestions. We know that to achieve this state we can make use of PMR Albert Einstein said that we only use 10% of our brain. Maybe with hypnosis we are just beginning to push at a door that will lead us into the remaining 90%. History has given us glimpses of an amazing power that we don’t yet understand. People undergoing major surgery with anaesthesia, curing debilitating physical conditions, amazing accounts of healing. What is hypnosis today? What could hypnosis be tomorrow? How to cite What is hypnosis?, Papers

Analytical Skills Foundation

Question : Discuss about the Analytical Skill Foundation ? Answer : Introduction The given report indicates the importance of proper and effective presentation of charts and graphs for the respective organization. The first part of the report reflects the criteria for evaluation for presentation of respective charts and graphs. Several parameters have been evaluated based on which the graphs and tables will be analysed effectively. In addition to this, the organization Woolworths has been selected. The report will highlight and review the tabular and graphical representation of graphs and tables of the annual report published the organization Woolworths. Evaluation Criteria The criteria for evaluation of tables and graphs are done based on the needs of the given stakeholders. There are different types of parameters with the help of which all the given tables or charts can be evaluated in an effective manner. mbiguous/Unambiguous data- It is important for the organizations to present their data in an effective and clear manner so that their data is easy to interpret (McMurray and Powell 2016). Many times, it has been seen that if the financial data is not interpreted in an effective manner, then, the users of the respective financial statements, usually misinterpret the respective data. Effective Measurement of the Variables- The tables and graphs of the financial statements needs to have suitable variables. In addition to this, the variables are also required to be measured as per the accounting process followed by the organization in their respective financial reports (Bollobs 2013) Fonts and Presentation Style- The fonts and presentation style needs to be as per with the requirements of the stakeholders. Apart from this, it can be inferred that it should also be at par with the activities of the company. If, fonts and presentation style is not up to the mark, the stakeholders of the organization may not be relate the company with themselves. To the point- The graphical and tabular representation needs to be to the point, so that the real message can be understood by the users of the financial statements. Apart from this, it can be inferred that if the graphs and tables are complex in nature, then the entire interpretation will be wrong (Morell 2015) Relevance- The data presented needs to be relevant in nature. Different companies have different aims and objectives. Therefore, it is of great essence for the organization to attain their respective aims and objectives while presenting their tables and graphs in their respective annual reports. It is also important for the organization to implement all their respective units and variables in their charts and tables. Encoding of the Respective Data-It is of great essence for the firm to encode their data in an effective manner. The data must be encoded in such a manner that it meets the criteria for publishing the annual report of the respective organization. Proper Labelling of the Data- It can be inferred that all the tabular and graphical data needs to be labelled properly for the suitability of the stakeholders of the report. Concise Factors-It is of great essence for the organization to present all their given data in a concise manner. This will reduce complexity and also nullify the chances of the data being misinterpreted by the respective users. Accuracy by Geometrical Means- It is extremely important for the firm to maintain geometrical accuracy in the given data. This is mainly because, such kind of accuracy easily catches the eyes of the users of the financial statements. Scaling- It is important that different types of data must be used with the help of scaling. Without proper scaling of data, the entire data set will look useless. Colourful Presentation- The first thing that catches the eyes of any user of financial statement, is their respective colourful presentation. It can be inferred that if the presentation is extremely colourful, then, they will gather interest to go through the financial statements (Swedberg 2016) Customization according to Requirements- It is of great essence for the firm to customize their data in accordance to the requirements of the stakeholders. If the stakeholders are not satisfied with the report, then, the entire tabular and graphical presentation will be useless. Comparison of Contrast Data- It is of great essence for all the organization to compare and contrast previous years data with the present ones. Such kind of presentation also looks good in the eyes of all the users of the respective financial statements. Financial and Non-Financial Analysis Assistance- All the organizations need to present their graphical data so that it assists the external financial or business analysts. Not only this, this will also increase the value of the respective presentation largely. Act as a Data Interaction Platform for the users- The respective tabular and graphical presentation should act as a data interaction platform for all its users. This will further help the users to make adequate analysis based on their findings from the respective annual report of the organization (Liu and Treagust 2013) Forecasting- All the tabular and graphical data needs to forecast the future activities of the firm. In that case, it will be extremely easier for the users to interpret the respective financial and non-financial results. Verification of Geometry The graphical representations should have proper angles, scales and geometrical figures to enable the appropriateness of the financial data Assessment of Analytical Tools in Graphs The suitability will be enabled based on the amassed data that creates a proper replication of graphs, charts, pictures and stock chats for the notable trends Reference Usage The exact reference of graphs through interpretation of effective arrangement upholds the usefulness for the current as well as varied types of pictorial and graphical usage. Design The background of the pages in the published financial data holds importance based on the colour, attractiveness and the relevance of all the pictorial representations that portray the image of the lucidity of the format. Annual Report Analysis of Woolworths, Australia The annual report of Woolworths depicts sense of sophistication in its design. Although, it possesses a design that turns out to be different from other but creates a powerful impact on reading and retention making it two positives for the brand name (ArtVersion Creative Agency 2016). Moreover, the declaration of the pictures implies the scale of operations of the corporation. On the other hand, people are of the view that an annual report is a 12-24 pages booklet on a paper that is not attractive and reading. However, the same cannot be said for the Woolworths annual report because the background and the glossy contents of a contents attracts the stakeholders attention through art on the specific page. Figure 1: Woolworths Annual Reports Contents Page Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) Conversely, a financial report also contains must haves of the companys story and learning experiences that predicts the coming year for the shareholders and employees. The graph below of sales on the foods section and clothing and general merchandise depicts the clarity and the changes in the two years while highlighting in bold the turnover of the last years. The same has been depicted by the graph and tables below. Figure 2: Woolworths Annual Reports Food and Clothing Depiction through Graphs Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) The proper units of specifications also mentions the numerical representation of the data the company has been achieving in that year, in this case it is the annual report of 2015. The subtitle below the tables explains the sub diversions of the economic information in an effective way. Although, the colours of the table is greyer in texture but the bar graph in different textures of grey try to elaborate on the financial summary (Habib 2014). The picture on the opposite of the table represents the shares and percentage of shares that Woolworth had offered to the shareholders. Figure 3: Woolworths Annual Reports Shareholders Disclosure Pages Relevance Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) The annual reports are storytelling device that are used for corporate communications which is only possible with proper reference, effective measurements, graphs and fonts that highlight the communication aimed for the interested parties. One such example can be the beginning page of investor report of Woolworths. Figure 4: Achievements Depiction of Woolworths in 2015 Figure 5: Usage of Bowl as a Significance of Approval for Reports Woolworths Figure 6: WHL group (Framework) of Woolworths in 2015 Figure 7: Geographical Footprint (Donut Chart) of Woolworths in 2015 Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) In depiction of the figures above, the relevance of different charts elaborate on the forecasting, colour representation and customization of data using figures (Yigitbasioglu and Velcu 2012). Therefore bar charts with growing trend depicts the Woolworth condition in the market with growing trend. Conversely, the last year showed in different colour highlight the upward nature in the business. The figure 4 also highlights the use of small triangles as a basis of growing shares in the market. On the other hand, figure 5, depicts a bowl as a significance of asking permission for the reports to be depicted as the source of nature of the corporations obedient behaviour towards the government and the stakeholders. The figure 6, depicts the literature with bold black fonts in a box depicting its literature in the WHL group. The figure 7 also helps to depict that the company has established its operations through proper scaling and axis used in a form of world map and further depicting its relevance through donut charts (Falschlunger et al. 2014). Figure 8: Business Model (Planetary system) of Woolworths Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) On the other hand, the figure 8 can be misleading as the planetary system does not helps in understanding the hierarchy level of the companys order of groups. Hence, the importance of nature cannot be gauged and all can be treated equally or with fluctuating significance. The dull colour in the background also does not seems to be appropriate. Figure 9: BCG model of Products in Woolworths Figure 10: Donut Diagrams of Colour Reference of Woolworths Figure 11: Depiction of Cards as a made of Awareness to Stakeholders in Woolworths Figure 12: Performance Chart of Woolworths Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) The figure 9, 10, 11 and 12 are the modes of catching the eye of employees and stakeholders using modes like different products, scale chart, coloured WHL cards and donut charts of the survey conducted from the raw data of Woolworths customers. This can constitute to be a better way of forecasting to the point data and differentiating between the ambiguous data using encoding graphs for financial summary (Davison 2013). Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that the presentation of annual report based on different criterias can provide to be beneficial in attracting audience and stakeholders attention for the reading and retention. The different graphs and pictorial representation establish the analytical skills that can be used for further investigation. References ArtVersion Creative Agency. (2016).Annual Report Design. [online] Available at: https://www.artversion.com/graphic-design-services/print-design/annual-report-design/ [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Bollobs, B., 2013. Modern graph theory (Vol. 184). Springer Science Business Media Davison, J., 2013. Visual perspectives.The Routledge Companion to Accounting Communication. Oxford: Routledge, pp.58-75. Falschlunger, L., Eisl, C., Losbichler, H. and Greil, A., 2014. 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