The Mainstreaming Of The Internet And Social Networking Sites

The mainstreaming of the internet and social networking sites has facilitated bullying and seen the evolution of the cyberbully. NSW Department of Education and Communities (2011b), define bullying as â€Å"repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behavior that is harmful and involves the misuse of power†¦ towards one or more persons†. However, bullying becomes cyberbullying when the perpetrator uses technology to execute the attack (Bryce and Fraser, 2013). Bullying is considered to be one of the most widespread forms of aggression in schools with impacts ranging from anxiety and distress to more serious impacts such as suicide (Drennan, Brown Mort, 2011; Kwan Skoric, 2013). Studies have shown three distinguishing features that differentiate cyberbullying; anonymity, a wider audience and the longevity of content loaded onto the internet (Bryce and Fraser; Kwan Skoric). Furthermore, Bryce and Fraser found disinhibition of the perpetrator to be a factor in the severity of the bullying with young people reporting aggressors would say things online that they potentially would not say in person. Research highlights the fact that it is the same features of online social networking intended to increase connectivity such as increased capability to share information and tools to broaden our social network; that also increase the potential for attack (Kwan Skoric). This growing body of research clearly defines additional vulnerabilities due to the addition of technologyShow MoreRelatedRacism And Dissemination Based On Hatred And Racial Superiority1274 Words   |  6 Pages Racism on the Internet Kristofer Palmer Texas AM University San Antonio Aug 8, 2014 Racism and dissemination based on hatred and racial superiority were pressing social problem prior to the emergence of the information age and digital communications. Long before the internet entered our homes racist groups made use of other communication tools including the telephone networks as far back as theRead MoreOnline Education : The Final Milestone Of American Culture1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthey can afford. That’s where online education comes in as an exciting alternative. Colleges and universities should offer more fully online courses because it can benefit tech savvy students, busy scheduled students, and students with physical or social disorders. Online courses are stress-free and with online tools it is much easier to learn at their pace. Whether they have to work during the day, or take care of a child, going to strictly scheduled events may not be an option for them. ThereforeRead MoreImpact of Ict on Education in Kenya5848 Words   |  24 Pagesearliest. Children learn faster and can adapt to changes relatively easily. If they are trained during their school years, they have a high chance of becoming experts in technology. Computers can give lovelier explanations to various subjects. The internet is an ocean of information which can be harnessed for the rendition of information in school. The inclusion of technology in the learning process makes learning an enjoyable activity, thus inviting greater interest from the learners. The administrationRead MoreSamsung Case Study6174 Words   |  25 Pages educational reform, science and technology influences Samsung as well. | * Main contributor of economy status in south KoreaChange driver- top down reform of the Korean economy to meet the rapidly changing conditions of the world economy. | SOCIAL | TECHNOLOGICAL | * Value human capital and their culture.Change driver- provides equality in different generations, gender, levels and departments. | * Making technology as an important aspect in company’s developmentChange driver- quickRead MoreSharing Economy10348 Words   |  42 Pages.................................................................. 7 Economical benefits.......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Social benefits ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 A MULTI-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE ON THE SHARING ECONOMY .....................Read MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pagesrelations between peoples of the world. Though the world has changed over the past sixty years and continues to change at an ever increasing rate, UNESCO’s mission - a commitment to promoting universal values of peace and nonviolence, human rights and social justice, intercultural dialogue and mutual understanding – persists with growing urgency. UNESCO’s approach to educating for peace is multidimensional, in that it links education with a range of activities that address the root causes of violence

What Is Hypnosis Free Essays

string(170) " a rate of 9 to 14 cycles per second and are present when we are engaged in some relaxed, creative or problem solving task and are accompanied by feelings of well-being\." What Is Hypnosis? Describe the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis and discuss the role of relaxation in Hypnotherapy. Before we can begin to discuss anything about hypnotherapy, it is important to discuss what hypnosis actually is. This essay aims to arrive at a definition of hypnosis by describing the psychological and physical aspects and looking at it use by hypnotherapists and the role of relaxation within this. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Hypnosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of hypnosis dates back to the times of ancient Egypt and it has been quite a contentious history. From Mesmer to de Puysegur in the 1700’s; from the first use of the term hypnosis by Braid in 1840 to it’s use as an anaesthetic in surgery by Esdaile and Elliotson; from the work of Erikson (widely regarded to be the grandfather of modern hypnosis) to the present day, the debate continues and theorists are divided as to the true nature of hypnosis. These differences of opinion stem from difficulties in actually measuring hypnosis. Hypnosis is a subjective experience and, as such, no two individuals who undergo the process will have exactly the same experience. Often requiring the use of psychological measures, it is, therefore, more difficult to measure reliably in comparison to physiological matters such as heart rate and blood pressure; although, technological advances in the use of EEG’s (electroencephalograms) and neuroimaging have been very useful. Hence, the nature of hypnosis has long been the subject of contentious debate between those who seek scientific experimental explanations of its various psychological and physical aspects and those hypnotherapists who seek to use it as a tool with which to help people. Even today, theorists are divided into two camps: State theorists who believe that the practice of hypnosis brings about an altered state of consciousness and non-state theorists who believe that the hypnotic state or trance is little different from everyday relaxation and that its effects are merely reactions to suggestions which would have occurred without the use of hypnotic induction, e. g. Spanos (1982). However, for the purpose of this essay, I will assume that the state theorists are correct and assert that hypnosis is an altered state of mind which occurs through the use of a set of techniques by the hypnotist. It can enhance a person’s concentration and responsiveness to suggestion in order to enable them to make desired and beneficial changes to their behaviours, feelings, thoughts and physiological state, thereby enhancing their lives. There are a number of complex psychological aspects involved in hypnosis. In 1951, Solomon Asch carried out a study of conformity whereby subjects were told that they were taking part in a study of visual perception with 6 other people. In fact, only one person in each group was the true subject of Asch’s experiment as the other 6 were aware of the true nature of the study. Each participant in turn (the subject being last) was asked to say which line from a set of three was the same length as the line on the target card. The answers were obvious, but on hearing all the other participants give incorrect answers, in one out of three trials they gave the same incorrect answers. In the control group where the subjects were asked to write their answers in private, incorrect responses were rare. This experiment has been difficult to replicate more recently as modern culture has changed the way that people conform. The work of Milgram in 1963 showed that ordinary people (65% of subjects) were willing to follow the instructions of an authority figure even if this involved apparently causing harm to others i. e, punishing them with a shock of 450 volts for answering a question incorrectly. Such studies show that, as people, we tend to be more comfortable when we fit in, conform, or comply with the instructions of those in authority. As clients would generally be considered to have some level of rapport with their hypnotist it is reasonable to assume that some responses to suggestion could be explained in these terms. For example, if a hypnotist suggests that a clients arm feels so light that it may float into the air, the client may raise their arm because they feel that this is what is expected and they would feel uncomfortable if they did not conform with the perceived expectation of the hypnotist. It is important to understand this innate need to conform, which we all have, in terms of the people with whom we will work and always endeavour to treat people with respect and professionalism. There is also a possibility that some aspect of role-play may be involved on the part of the client i. , they may behave in a way that they believe a hypnotised person should behave. The concept of attribution may also have a part to play; i. e. does the subject attribute the experience they have had to having being hypnotised or do they attribute their experience to having been deeply relaxed and engrossed in their internal image? Other psychological aspects involved in hypnosis are the use of selective atte ntion whereby the subject concentrates on a limited range of usually internal stimuli such as feelings and imagery and imagination here the subject is often instructed by the hypnotist to imagine a scene. The above section describes the psychological aspects of hypnosis, so what are the physical aspects? As mentioned above, the use of electroencephalogram’s (EEG) and neuroimaging with hypnotised subjects have been able to identify differences in brain functioning in hypnotised people. Askerinsky Kleitman (1953) were able to show that hypnotised subjects were not in fact asleep as some early theories had suggested. Different levels of consciousness produce different levels of electrical activity within the brain. Beta Waves occur at a rate of 15 to 40 cycles per second and are present when our minds are engaged and focussed, perhaps in conversation or learning a new task. Alpha waves occur at a rate of 9 to 14 cycles per second and are present when we are engaged in some relaxed, creative or problem solving task and are accompanied by feelings of well-being. You read "What Is Hypnosis" in category "Papers" Alpha waves are not present when we are experiencing anger fear, high arousal levels or when we are in deep sleep but are present during light trance/hypnotic state. During this state, relaxation of the body may occur; breathing and pulse rate slow and an individual may appear to be day-dreaming as they direct their attention towards their imagination. Theta Waves occur at a rate of 4 to 8 cycles per second and are associated with our subconscious mind where our past experiences and memories are held. Freud was the first theorist to propose the presence of the unconscious mind. This is the area of our minds which deals with non-voluntary bodily functions, thus freeing up the rest of our minds for things which we actively need to think about. Theta waves may be present when we are day dreaming, carrying out automatic well learned tasks such as driving and when we dream. They are associated with calmness and feelings of serenity and are present in medium and deep hypnotic states. During moderate and deep hypnotic states a person may lose awareness of their surroundings but gain an increased awareness of their internal functions (breathing/heart rate). Imagery becomes more intense and suggestions may be interpreted literally. Limbs may feel limp or stiff; attention narrows further and there may be loss of environmental awareness. Delta Waves occur at a rate of 1 to 4 cycles per second. These are the slowest waves which are present when are in our deepest state of rest when no other waves are present. When these waves are present we are in a state of sleep and possibly very deep hypnosis such as the Esdaile State used by the surgeon of the same name in order to anaesthetise patients for surgery. In addition other physical aspects of hypnosis include, feeling warm or cold and tingling of the extremities. Subjects often feel sleepy and close their eyes and there can be a reduction in response to noise. Some people experience feeling strange or detached and dissociated from their body or surroundings and feelings of floating are common. These feelings vary from person to person and are dependent upon an individuals’ psychological predisposition and responses as described above. No two people will have exactly the same response to hypnosis and each experience is subjective. As we go through the different levels of consciousness our brain wave activity changes in a smoothly organised manner. For example, when relaxing into sleep we go from Beta to Alpha, to Theta and finally Delta waves predominate. The reverse happens as we awake. The waves which predominate during hypnosis are Alpha and Theta and it is these waves which provide a route to our subconscious. Relaxation has an important role to play in Hypnotherapy. Jacobson (1929) was the first to note the helpfulness of consciously relaxing muscles to enable them to maintain a relaxed state and improve the health and wellbeing of his patients. Most hypnotic screeds include suggestions of relaxation which help the subject to physically relax to the degree that Alpha and Theta brain waves are produced. Suppressed memories may be brought to the surface when Theta waves are present and although this may be painful, it offers the client the opportunity to discuss and address any such issues with their hypnotherapist if they choose to do so. Such therapy can be helpful and aid healing if carried out with sensitivity. As a cautionary note, Mingay (1988) suggests that dissociated memories accessed under hypnosis may be at risk of contamination by fantasy or leading questions on the part of the hypnotherapist. Along with this deep, relaxation comes an increase in suggestibility, i. e. we tend to respond to suggestions made by the hypnotherapist more readily than we would generally. Heap (1996) argues that suggestion and trance are crucial to any definition of hypnosis. Whilst in a deeply relaxed hypnotic state, the Hypnotherapist is able to make suggestions which can help the subject to change their behaviours, feelings or thought patterns in a beneficial way. For example, if a client wishes to stop smoking, the hypnotherapist might suggest that they now choose to be a non-smoker. In fact, there are a number of ways in which a Hypnotherapist can utilise suggestion whilst a client is in a relaxed hypnotic state in order to produce beneficial effects. It can be used to produce anaesthesia in the body – the use of hypnosis for surgery has been mentioned above but there is ample evidence that hypnotic suggestion can influence physiological responses governed by the autonomic nervous system. Grabowska (1971) found that subjects were able to alter the blood flow in their forearms via hypnotic suggestion and Olness et el (1989) found that children were able to alter their concentrations of salivary immunoglobulin A. The use of Progressive Muscle Relaxation during hypnotic induction not only enables subjects to enter a hypnotic trance state and more readily accept beneficial suggestions but repeated use of PMR during Hypnotherapy can enable clients to be able to relax more readily in general and in situations where they may ordinarily become very stressed. Suggestions can be given which allow people to relax when needed as long as it is safe to do so and such techniques can be used to reduce general anxiety and stress, help improve sleep patterns and reduce phobic fear reactions to such things as public speaking and flying. In conclusion, hypnosis is not of itself a therapy. It is a state of mind which can be induced and its use in hypnotherapy can be described as a complex psychological interaction between the hypnotherapist and their client(s) during which the hypnotherapist uses the hypnotic screed, which often includes an element of PMR, to enable the client to relax encouraging the presence of Alpha and Theta brain waves and access to the subconscious. In this state, the clients’ concentration and responsiveness to suggestions made by the hypnotherapist increases, thereby enabling them to make desired, beneficial changes to their behaviours, feelings and thoughts and thus, enhancing their lives. References: Hadley, J. Staudacher, C. 1996, Hypnosis for Change; 3rd edn; Canada, New Harbinger publications Heap, M. , Dryden, W. , 1991, Hypnotherapy: A Handbook, OU Press How to cite What Is Hypnosis, Papers What is hypnosis Free Essays string(69) " not during times of fear, anger, in a deep sleep or highly aroused\." The earliest known description of hypnosis dates back more than 6000 years ago to rites performed in Egyptian sleep temples. The Indus Vedas knowledge sacred book written around 1500 BC, mentions the use of hypnotic techniques and procedures in detail yet in 2012 we still find it difficult to answer the question â€Å"what is hypnosis?†. ‘All sciences alike have descended from magic and superstition, but none have been so slow as hypnosis in shaking off the association of its origin’. We will write a custom essay sample on What is hypnosis? or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Clark Hull, Hypnosis and suggestibility, 1984). The grandfather of hypnosism is regarded to be Franz Anton Mesmer who achieved some very amazing cures. He was, however, prone to be a bit theatrical wearing long flowing robes and brandishing a wand to complete his wizard image. Treatments and cures were conducted in large arenas with many onlookers. The film Svengali, although pure fiction did a lot to discredit hypnosis for many years by portraying hypnotists as evil predators and also inspired the emerging stage hypnotists. Even today stage hypnotists continue to discredit hypnotism making it hard to be taken seriously as an emerging science. It is my view that the use of hypnotism for entertainment should be completely banned. Abuse allegations where hypnotism has been said to be a contributing factor still regularly appear in our newspapers fueling the public perception that the only safe hypnosis is that which is performed in a public arena in front of millions of people for entertainment. My introduction would not be complete without mentioning the impact of the church. As a practicing Christian I find it difficult to understand how people practicing the same faith as me could believe that hypnotism could be believed to be evil. What i find more astounding is the fact that some people, educated people still think that today. ‘Whilst hypnosis and its use in hypnotherapy seem merely to be the input by the hypnotist of ideas into the subconscious of a subject in a heightened state of suggestibility, I would contend that this art of psychic manipulation is in fact of demonic origin. Though these roots of hypnosis are now obscured by an undergrowth of scientific jargon, it remains a dangerous activity to anyone involved.’ (Dr A. D. Bambridge, Nucleus, 1987) There is no exact definition of what hypnosis is, mainly because no such definition can be agreed upon by all the experts. It has been described as ‘the deliberate inducement or facilitation by one person in another person or a number of people of a trance state. A trance state is one in which a person’s usual means of orientating himself in reality have faded, so that the boundaries between the external world and the inner world of thoughts, feelings, memories and imagination begin to dissolve.’ (Robin Waterfield, Hidden Depths, 2004). It has also been described as ‘a state of mental relaxation and restricted awareness in which the subjects are usually engrossed in their inner experiences such as feelings and imagery, are less analytical and logical in their thinking, and have an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestions in an automatic and dissociated manner.’ (Windy Dryden, Hypnotherapy, a handbook, 1991). The clearest description being ‘a state of mind brought about by the use of a set of techniques. It enhances an individual’s concentration and increases their responsiveness to suggestion in order to make the beneficial changes that the individual may wish to make in their thought patterns, their behaviour or their physiological state.’ (Chrysalis, 2010) ‘It is probably more useful to describe hypnosis than attempt to define it. Features of the hypnotic state include the following: Acceptance of imaginary phenomena in place of sensory experience, and detachment from the sensorium; Suspension of reality testing, suspension of everyday cognitive logic and secondary-process thinking; Narrowing of attention (a sort of mental tunnel vision) to the content of the focus of the hypnotic exercise: suggested by the therapist or created by the subject’s own imagination or memory; ‘splitting’ of consciousness into separate channels that communicate in only one direction (i.e. The subject’s normal consciousness, attitudes, reality testing and so on continue and are aware of the content of the hypnotised self, but the latter is unaware of the former); A rather regressed or developmentally immature frame of mind (closely akin to some transference phenomena in analysis or analytic therapy); Commitment to a substitute reality described by the therapist or the patient’s own imagination and memory.’ (Hellmut Karle and Jennifer Boys, Hypnotherapy a practical handbook, 1987) The mind still remains unmeasurable and unquantifiable and therefore a definition of any science or therapy based on the mind will always remain something open to debate and discussion. The fact that the hypnotic experience is personal and each individual will experience something different simply complicates things further. ‘There are a number of people, academics above all, who simply do not believe in the existence of mind. They think that this a naive belief held by the rest of us, and that the phenomena attributed to our minds are best explained otherwise.’ (Robin Waterfield, Hidden Depths, 2004). It seems the best that the experts can do is fairly agree as to the psychological and physiological phenomena experienced during hypnosis. Psychological phenomena often experienced during hypnosis could include hyper suggestibility (so important that it is often considered definitional of hypnosis), time distortion (when an hour may appear to pass in a minute), super learning and creativity, spontaneous age regression, hypermnesia and amnesia. (Robin Waterfield, Hidden Depths, 2004) Since the invention of the electroencephalogram in 1929 we have been able to measure the electrical activity of the brain. Scientists have determined that there are four main brain waves which vary in frequency. 1. Beta waves (15 to 40 cycles per second). These are typical of a focused and engaged mind. These are found in abundance in our modern, busy life style. 2. Alpha waves (9 to 14 cycles per second). These are typical of taking a rest after an activity. They are present during times of creativity and problem solving but not during times of fear, anger, in a deep sleep or highly aroused. You read "What is hypnosis?" in category "Papers" 3. Theta waves (4 to 8 cycles per second). These are present during sleeping and some meditative states.. These are associated with (amongst other things) medium to deep hypnosis. These waves are associated with our subconscious mind. You may be in the theta range when daydreaming or driving a car. It is where we engage with our intuition learning and creativity. It is where we have our best ideas. You may recall having moments such as these on a car journey or in the bath. 4. Delta waves (1 to 4 cycles per second). These waves are produced at our slowest, deepest state of rest. There are never any other waves active. They are present during the deepest hypnosis and sleepless sleep. You can never reach 0 cycles per second as that is brain dead. These waves will dip and flow and at any one moment one will be predominant and the others will just be present as a trace and moving from one to another depending on the state of the individual. From what we know about the frequencies we can see that hypnosis occurs during alpha and theta waves and that these waves are associated with relaxation which we will discuss later. Although philosophers and mystics may have been reflecting on a subconscious mind for centuries our understanding of it only dates back to the time of Sigmund Freud. We know that it is responsible for the non-voluntary bodily functions that keep our bodies working from one day to the next freeing our mind up to concentrate on the things of the day. Think about all those skills we learned within the first year or two of our lives – moving limbs, making a noise, swallowing food, standing, walking etc etc. Imagine for one moment that all those skills had to be thought about each and every time we wanted to use them. Our day would be completely filled with just those things. We learn those skills and then pass them to the subconscious mind to action them, leaving our conscious mind free to learn more and develop. So hypnosis is simply about assisting someone to reach the state where the predominant brain waves are the alpha and theta waves and so access their subconscious mind. As mentioned previously these waves are associated with relaxation which has, as our life styles have become more and more busy over time, become more and more difficult to achieve on ones own. Hypnosis and relaxation are not the same. Hypnosis uses relaxation techniques to relax the body and relaxation is an indication that a person has achieved a hypnotic state. The difference is that hypnosis aims to reach a special state of consciousness where selective attention and increased suggestibility are present. Hypnosis will then use this state to effect changes in a person through beneficial suggestions A brief look at the physiology of muscles shows us that muscle units work on an all or nothing principle, meaning they are either contracting or relaxed and there are no other states. The problem is that due to the constant stress that modern living brings with it some muscles, in particular the shoulders and neck, are constantly in contraction. In 1929 Dr Edmond Jacobson discovered that most of his patients, all with unrelated problems, had tense muscles and that by relaxing these muscles he could reduce the severity of their symptoms. He also noticed that most patients were not aware of the tension they carried with them. He developed a technique called Progressive Muscle Relaxation (or PMR) which enabled the patients to relax their muscles and keep them relaxed and thereby improve their physical, mental and emotional state. Hypnosis uses an updated form of PMR to achieve the same results. We know that relaxation does not mean laying on a bed and it does not mean being asleep. We will all have experienced times when we have driven somewhere and cannot remember getting there. We certainly would not say we were asleep. Long distance runners will also experience the same phenomena and often cannot remember huge amounts of the run. As a long distance runner myself I am aware of the importance of relaxing whilst running and can bring my pulse rate back to normal within a mile or two of the start of a run. I having been practicing PMR techniques for years whilst running without knowing that it existed In conclusion then it is still difficult to answer then question of what is hypnosis with a simple definition because in the past it has been so closely associated with theatrical entertainment or rejected by the church or wrapped in superstition, falsely portrayed as evil on film and used by some to abuse people that the scientific community never took it seriously as a science until recently. The fact that a number of academics deny the existence of the mind does not help matters either. We can begin to describe it in terms of the psychological and physiological phenomena experienced during hypnosis but not much more. We know that there is nothing mystical or magical about the hypnotic state. Put simply it is assisting someone to reach the state where the predominant brain waves are the alpha and theta waves and so access their subconscious mind where selective attention and increased suggestibility are present and then use this state to effect changes in the person through beneficial suggestions. We know that to achieve this state we can make use of PMR Albert Einstein said that we only use 10% of our brain. Maybe with hypnosis we are just beginning to push at a door that will lead us into the remaining 90%. History has given us glimpses of an amazing power that we don’t yet understand. People undergoing major surgery with anaesthesia, curing debilitating physical conditions, amazing accounts of healing. What is hypnosis today? What could hypnosis be tomorrow? How to cite What is hypnosis?, Papers

Analytical Skills Foundation

Question : Discuss about the Analytical Skill Foundation ? Answer : Introduction The given report indicates the importance of proper and effective presentation of charts and graphs for the respective organization. The first part of the report reflects the criteria for evaluation for presentation of respective charts and graphs. Several parameters have been evaluated based on which the graphs and tables will be analysed effectively. In addition to this, the organization Woolworths has been selected. The report will highlight and review the tabular and graphical representation of graphs and tables of the annual report published the organization Woolworths. Evaluation Criteria The criteria for evaluation of tables and graphs are done based on the needs of the given stakeholders. There are different types of parameters with the help of which all the given tables or charts can be evaluated in an effective manner. mbiguous/Unambiguous data- It is important for the organizations to present their data in an effective and clear manner so that their data is easy to interpret (McMurray and Powell 2016). Many times, it has been seen that if the financial data is not interpreted in an effective manner, then, the users of the respective financial statements, usually misinterpret the respective data. Effective Measurement of the Variables- The tables and graphs of the financial statements needs to have suitable variables. In addition to this, the variables are also required to be measured as per the accounting process followed by the organization in their respective financial reports (Bollobs 2013) Fonts and Presentation Style- The fonts and presentation style needs to be as per with the requirements of the stakeholders. Apart from this, it can be inferred that it should also be at par with the activities of the company. If, fonts and presentation style is not up to the mark, the stakeholders of the organization may not be relate the company with themselves. To the point- The graphical and tabular representation needs to be to the point, so that the real message can be understood by the users of the financial statements. Apart from this, it can be inferred that if the graphs and tables are complex in nature, then the entire interpretation will be wrong (Morell 2015) Relevance- The data presented needs to be relevant in nature. Different companies have different aims and objectives. Therefore, it is of great essence for the organization to attain their respective aims and objectives while presenting their tables and graphs in their respective annual reports. It is also important for the organization to implement all their respective units and variables in their charts and tables. Encoding of the Respective Data-It is of great essence for the firm to encode their data in an effective manner. The data must be encoded in such a manner that it meets the criteria for publishing the annual report of the respective organization. Proper Labelling of the Data- It can be inferred that all the tabular and graphical data needs to be labelled properly for the suitability of the stakeholders of the report. Concise Factors-It is of great essence for the organization to present all their given data in a concise manner. This will reduce complexity and also nullify the chances of the data being misinterpreted by the respective users. Accuracy by Geometrical Means- It is extremely important for the firm to maintain geometrical accuracy in the given data. This is mainly because, such kind of accuracy easily catches the eyes of the users of the financial statements. Scaling- It is important that different types of data must be used with the help of scaling. Without proper scaling of data, the entire data set will look useless. Colourful Presentation- The first thing that catches the eyes of any user of financial statement, is their respective colourful presentation. It can be inferred that if the presentation is extremely colourful, then, they will gather interest to go through the financial statements (Swedberg 2016) Customization according to Requirements- It is of great essence for the firm to customize their data in accordance to the requirements of the stakeholders. If the stakeholders are not satisfied with the report, then, the entire tabular and graphical presentation will be useless. Comparison of Contrast Data- It is of great essence for all the organization to compare and contrast previous years data with the present ones. Such kind of presentation also looks good in the eyes of all the users of the respective financial statements. Financial and Non-Financial Analysis Assistance- All the organizations need to present their graphical data so that it assists the external financial or business analysts. Not only this, this will also increase the value of the respective presentation largely. Act as a Data Interaction Platform for the users- The respective tabular and graphical presentation should act as a data interaction platform for all its users. This will further help the users to make adequate analysis based on their findings from the respective annual report of the organization (Liu and Treagust 2013) Forecasting- All the tabular and graphical data needs to forecast the future activities of the firm. In that case, it will be extremely easier for the users to interpret the respective financial and non-financial results. Verification of Geometry The graphical representations should have proper angles, scales and geometrical figures to enable the appropriateness of the financial data Assessment of Analytical Tools in Graphs The suitability will be enabled based on the amassed data that creates a proper replication of graphs, charts, pictures and stock chats for the notable trends Reference Usage The exact reference of graphs through interpretation of effective arrangement upholds the usefulness for the current as well as varied types of pictorial and graphical usage. Design The background of the pages in the published financial data holds importance based on the colour, attractiveness and the relevance of all the pictorial representations that portray the image of the lucidity of the format. Annual Report Analysis of Woolworths, Australia The annual report of Woolworths depicts sense of sophistication in its design. Although, it possesses a design that turns out to be different from other but creates a powerful impact on reading and retention making it two positives for the brand name (ArtVersion Creative Agency 2016). Moreover, the declaration of the pictures implies the scale of operations of the corporation. On the other hand, people are of the view that an annual report is a 12-24 pages booklet on a paper that is not attractive and reading. However, the same cannot be said for the Woolworths annual report because the background and the glossy contents of a contents attracts the stakeholders attention through art on the specific page. Figure 1: Woolworths Annual Reports Contents Page Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) Conversely, a financial report also contains must haves of the companys story and learning experiences that predicts the coming year for the shareholders and employees. The graph below of sales on the foods section and clothing and general merchandise depicts the clarity and the changes in the two years while highlighting in bold the turnover of the last years. The same has been depicted by the graph and tables below. Figure 2: Woolworths Annual Reports Food and Clothing Depiction through Graphs Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) The proper units of specifications also mentions the numerical representation of the data the company has been achieving in that year, in this case it is the annual report of 2015. The subtitle below the tables explains the sub diversions of the economic information in an effective way. Although, the colours of the table is greyer in texture but the bar graph in different textures of grey try to elaborate on the financial summary (Habib 2014). The picture on the opposite of the table represents the shares and percentage of shares that Woolworth had offered to the shareholders. Figure 3: Woolworths Annual Reports Shareholders Disclosure Pages Relevance Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) The annual reports are storytelling device that are used for corporate communications which is only possible with proper reference, effective measurements, graphs and fonts that highlight the communication aimed for the interested parties. One such example can be the beginning page of investor report of Woolworths. Figure 4: Achievements Depiction of Woolworths in 2015 Figure 5: Usage of Bowl as a Significance of Approval for Reports Woolworths Figure 6: WHL group (Framework) of Woolworths in 2015 Figure 7: Geographical Footprint (Donut Chart) of Woolworths in 2015 Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) In depiction of the figures above, the relevance of different charts elaborate on the forecasting, colour representation and customization of data using figures (Yigitbasioglu and Velcu 2012). Therefore bar charts with growing trend depicts the Woolworth condition in the market with growing trend. Conversely, the last year showed in different colour highlight the upward nature in the business. The figure 4 also highlights the use of small triangles as a basis of growing shares in the market. On the other hand, figure 5, depicts a bowl as a significance of asking permission for the reports to be depicted as the source of nature of the corporations obedient behaviour towards the government and the stakeholders. The figure 6, depicts the literature with bold black fonts in a box depicting its literature in the WHL group. The figure 7 also helps to depict that the company has established its operations through proper scaling and axis used in a form of world map and further depicting its relevance through donut charts (Falschlunger et al. 2014). Figure 8: Business Model (Planetary system) of Woolworths Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) On the other hand, the figure 8 can be misleading as the planetary system does not helps in understanding the hierarchy level of the companys order of groups. Hence, the importance of nature cannot be gauged and all can be treated equally or with fluctuating significance. The dull colour in the background also does not seems to be appropriate. Figure 9: BCG model of Products in Woolworths Figure 10: Donut Diagrams of Colour Reference of Woolworths Figure 11: Depiction of Cards as a made of Awareness to Stakeholders in Woolworths Figure 12: Performance Chart of Woolworths Source: (woolworthsholdings.co.za 2015) The figure 9, 10, 11 and 12 are the modes of catching the eye of employees and stakeholders using modes like different products, scale chart, coloured WHL cards and donut charts of the survey conducted from the raw data of Woolworths customers. This can constitute to be a better way of forecasting to the point data and differentiating between the ambiguous data using encoding graphs for financial summary (Davison 2013). Conclusion To conclude, it can be said that the presentation of annual report based on different criterias can provide to be beneficial in attracting audience and stakeholders attention for the reading and retention. The different graphs and pictorial representation establish the analytical skills that can be used for further investigation. References ArtVersion Creative Agency. (2016).Annual Report Design. [online] Available at: https://www.artversion.com/graphic-design-services/print-design/annual-report-design/ [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Bollobs, B., 2013. Modern graph theory (Vol. 184). Springer Science Business Media Davison, J., 2013. Visual perspectives.The Routledge Companion to Accounting Communication. Oxford: Routledge, pp.58-75. Falschlunger, L., Eisl, C., Losbichler, H. and Greil, A., 2014. Impression Managementan Empirical Investigation of The Use of Graphs in Annual Reports in Europe.Proceedings in Finance and Risk Perspectives 14, p.262. Habib, K.R., 2014.Designing Digital Art and Communication Tools Inspired by Traditional Craft(Doctoral dissertation). Liu, Y. and Treagust, D.F., 2013. Content Analysis of Diagrams in Secondary School Science Textbooks. InCritical Analysis of Science Textbooks(pp. 287-300). Springer Netherlands. Lpez-Ornelas, E. and Hernndez, S.H.S., 2016, July. Using Infographics to Represent Meaning on Social Media. InInternational Conference on Social Computing and Social Media(pp. 25-33). Springer International Publishing. McMurray, D. and Powell, T., 2016. 21. Tables, Charts, Graphs. Morell, T., 2015. International conference paper presentations: A multimodal analysis to determine effectiveness.English for Specific Purposes,37, pp.137-150. Roberts, K.L., Norman, R.R., Duke, N.K., Morsink, P., Martin, N.M. and Knight, J.A., 2013. Diagrams, timelines, and tablesoh, my! Fostering graphical literacy.The Reading Teacher,67(1), pp.12-24. Swedberg, R., 2016. Can You Visualize Theory? On the Use of Visual Thinking in Theory woolworthsholdings.co.za. (2015).2015 Annual Financial Statements. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/investor/annual_reports/ar2015/whl_2015_afs1.pdf [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. woolworthsholdings.co.za. (2015).2015 Integrated Report. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsholdings.co.za/investor/annual_reports/ar2015/whl_2015_integrated_report.pdf [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Yigitbasioglu, O.M. and Velcu, O., 2012. A review of dashboards in performance management: Implications for design and research.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,13(1), pp.41-59.

Leadership Assignment free essay sample

While education being my primary objective, my study/research would focus directly on learning form leadership, business management concepts and objectivity transform these learning into a beneficial contribution in my personal life as well as to my workplace, since it would be the start of professional success in my life I would prefer to focus on leadership subject which can help and improve my interpersonal skills in management and leadership style and management. Leadership and Business Management is a demanding field all over the world since almost every organization need services of leaders / mangers, finance professionals. I have been providing my professional services in sales department of a well know Telecommunication Company in Afghanistan for the last 7 years. During the period i have experience of working in sales and having a lot of challenging tasks and duties, currently i am working as Senior Corporate Sales Executive and I wish the leadership subject will fulfill my needs to be more successful in my career achievements in future. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Q # 2 – What are your expectations for the Leadership Class? There is a huge demand for great leaders and business management professionals in my country, as we have been outsourcing of leaders, business managers and finance professional for the last 10 years from other countries which has an inverse effect on our economy. The outsourced professional only work in the area of their responsibility without having a considerable effect on capacity building of man power in our country. My expectations form the leadership class would be punctuality and participating in most of the discussions and debates inside the class form the lecturers and as well as the classmates and myself, sharing of the necessary leadership styles, articles and topics form the lecturers side which we are really in need of such articles and topics that are acceptable in all over the world and adoptable in any sort of organizations, government entities and institutions. From obtaining leadership qualification i will contribute in adding one leader and business professional in the list of professional Afghan’s which is the primary demand of our country. On the other hand i am confident that i would be a good asset and an informational source to my organization and my country if I would really understand and get the required knowledge of leadership subject. Besides, i also plan to share my knowledge i gain form the leadership lectures inside the class with all related coworkers and class fellows for my career building and gaining their experiences form the field of leadership. Leadership Assignment free essay sample Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the son of a Baptist minister. He grew up in his father’s footsteps and got his bachelor of divinity in 1951 and his doctorate in 1955. Early in December, 1955, he became the leader of the first great Negro nonviolent demonstration of contemporary times in the United States. In 1957, he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization formed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement.On August 28, 1963, he delivered â€Å"I have a dream†, his famous speech, in which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination, to 250,000 people. Martin was awarded five honorary degrees; was named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963; and became not only the symbolic leader of American blacks but also a world figure. At the age of thirty-five, Martin Luther King, Jr. , was the youngest man to have received the Nobel Peace Prize. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The poverty he experienced while growing up taught him the value of money and to persevere. Walton always wanted to be in retail from his youth and he had a deep passion for it. When he returned from World War II, he started off with a Ben Franklin franchise. His strategy of buying in bulk and discounting proved to be a hit with the customers and it was then that he saw a future in discounting. Over time, he opened up several more Ben Franklin stores with his father and brother assistance. In 1962, he had the idea of opening igger stores, sticking to rural areas, keeping costs low and discounting heavily. He decided to set up his own Wal-mart store; the first one in Arkansas. With his Wal-mart, he began to use the discounting strategy that he had begun to adopt in the Ben Franklin stores. It proved to be wildly successful and he saw that discounting was the future of retail. Today, Wal-Mart is the worlds no. 1 retailer, with more than 4,150 stores, including discount stores, combination discount and grocery stores, and membership-only warehouse stores (Sams Club). He modestly blended in with the whole team, erased the gap between executive and employees, and dared to make his own path of success. If it was not for these great characteristics and tactics, there wouldn’t be a Sam Walton who has the ability to change the philosophy of the American retail business establishment. : Martin Luther King Jr and Sam Walton are both respectful and brilliant leaders who drove the world and changed it into a better place. To be an effective leader requires lots of efforts, wonderful characteristics, extremely clever minds, flawless sets of tactics and skills, and so on. As for Martin and Sam, one put an end to discrimination and dedicated to the success of civil rights of a generation, one fulfilled the American dream and paved the way for a new breed of category killer retailers; they demonstrated the model of great leaders and taught us priceless leadership lessons. They deserve to be honored and respected by mankind of all time.