Presentation in History of the English Language Essay

When studying the development of English as a language, it can be argued that early modern English is perhaps the most vital point of reference. This period brings with it a richness in material that provided clues as to how the tongue developed phonetically and geographically from its roots as a secondary, regional language in an arena dominated somewhat by the French language, and largely by Latin. Although the amount of available information isn’t enough to paint a sufficient scenario of the linguistic lay of the land at the time, these materials are a great help in discerning the stages of development of the English language. During the latter age of transition from Middle English, the language was mostly spread about in regions. This period is â€Å". . . notoriously [known] as the time when linguistic variation is fully reflected in the written mode . . . † (Nevalainen 13). Due to the heavy presence of French and Latin as the dominant vernaculars, middle English didn’t have enough room to develop as a real language and was limited to regional variants that were shaped by the grammar rules of the more prominent languages at the time. This was, mostly, due to the lack of standardized spelling – it was difficult to come up with a fixed set of grammar rules if the people didn’t have any idea of how to spell the words to be used in each situation. This changed during the sixteenth century. With the shift to early modern English came the streamlined version of the language, thanks to major standardizations in the way words were spelled throughout various regions. But you can’t ever get rid of local variations in language, and the early form of modern English is no different. Most of the available materials from the period concern themselves mostly with grammar reforms and the instruction of the language. The most curious thing about these documents is that despite dealing with a language that was gaining more and more popularity as a serious vernacular, the method of instruction was still largely conducted in Latin. This proved to be difficult in unifying the language since the two tongues were different from each other both grammatically and in inflection. Alexander Gil wrote Logonomia Anglica in 1619 as an attempt to describe the chief variants of English according to region. These are the general, northern, southern, eastern, western and poetic variants. Interestingly, these are the same regional distinctions of middle English, save for the unifying general vernacular that could be similar to what we call standard English. The weakness in Gil’s study is his partiality to the northern style although this feature gives us an outstanding view of how the morphology of early modern English developed. His renditions of spelling and pronouncing some words are indicative of the Germanic roots of English, including the use of /v/ for /f/ (the example given by Nevalainen is vill for fill). Another method of dialectal segregation was recorded by George Puttenham in The Arte of English Poesie (1589). Here, Puttenham gives us a view of how early middle English was segregated according to social standing, and was focused mostly on improving the aesthetic appeal of the language by identifying the speech of the court and the aristocrats as well-sounding and favorable, as opposed to the speech of a craftsman, or that of the thieves (thieves’ cant). Still, the dominant tongue at the time remained to be Latin, and it was in Latin that the English grammar was taught and written. This was to accommodate foreigners who wished to learn English; these people learned English via the structure of Latin, whereas locals who already practiced English learned Latin through the structure of their mother tongue. The effect of Latin in the grammar manuals during the first part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were apparent – the use of Latin categories, or at least a system derived from Latin, to describe English grammar left out a chunk of what formed the structural core of English, and while the regional dialects flourished, very little attention was given to them and the focus of learning instead went to the General dialect, which would eventually go on to become the basis for the structure of the language today. A lot of the development that transformed the English language occurred at this time. In Pamphlet for Grammar (1586), William Bullokar gives us insight to the transformation of the personal noun ye into modern-day you. He also noted the possible conversion of the suffix –eth ¬ (e. g. loveth) into the more economical –s pronounced with a /z/-like crescendo. The latter, incidentally, is an example of northern dialect curiosities that made it to the general dialect. The continuous development and popularity of English as a language both written and spoken led to the precursors of modern-day newspapers. Newsletters by eminent individuals were handwritten and sent out as manuscript circulations back in 1620 as a means of spreading important information around. A fair example is the Newdigate Newsletters that were addressed to Sir Richard Newdigate of Warwickshire from the Secretary of State’s office. A selection of the newsletters would go as follows: â€Å"The King of Poland desireing a nearer Correspondence with this Crowne then has been formerly and haveing sent Over to desire his Maty to be godfather to his Daughter, his Maty was preparing to send an Envoy ExtraOrdnary thither to stand for him, when the last post brought news ye young Princess was dead. † (21) This selection, in its original form, contains plenty of scripting nuances of the period – such as superscripts for the abbreviations – and resembled, in all intents and purposes, formal letters of the period. In closing, it is worth to note that while the instruction and growth of English as a language during the early modern period isn’t as clear as we’d like it to be, there really is no denying that this period yielded a huge wealth of material to study. Thanks to works like Gil’s Bullokar’s and the missives to sir Newdigate, we can continue to study and piece together the broken pieces of the puzzle of how today’s universal language evolved into what it is. WORKS CITED Nevalainen, Terttu. Introduction to Early Modern English, An. USA: Oxford University Press, 2006. 12-27

Unemployment Causes And Solutions In Nigeria

The chairman of the Subsidy Reinvestment and Employment Programme (Sure-P), Dr. Christopher Kolade, has bemoaned the rising rate of unemployment in the country, saying that no fewer than 40 million Nigerians are without jobs. Even before Dr. Kolade spoke, Nigerians were already aware of the dire situation as unemployment rate in the country has been increasing over the years. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria’s unemployment rate averaged 14. 60 per cent from 2006 until 2011, reaching an all time high of 23.90 per cent in December 2011.The NBS measures unemployment rate by the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. In its Economic Report on Nigeria released in May this year, the World Bank noted that â€Å"Nigeria’s annual growth rates that average over seven per cent in official data during the last decade place the nation among the fastest growing economies in the world noting that the growth has been con centrated particularly on trade and agriculture, which would suggest substantial welfare benefits for many Nigerians.Nevertheless, poverty reduction and job creation have not kept pace with population growth, implying social distress for an increasing number of Nigerians. Progress towards the fulfilment of many of the Millennium Development Goals has been slow, and the country ranked 153 out of 186 countries in the 2013 United Nations Human Development Index. † According to the World Bank, â€Å"job creation in Nigeria has been inadequate to keep pace with the expanding working age population.The official unemployment rate had steadily increased from 12 per cent of the working age population in 2006 to 24 per cent in 2011. Preliminary indications are that this upward trend continued in 2012. † In a similar observation in June, the Honorary International Investors Council (HIIC) pointed to what it called â€Å"the growing unemployment rate and the rising number of poor skilled workforce† in the country. The Council, headed by Baroness Lynda Chalker, was inaugurated in 2004 as a presidential advisory body to attract global financial players into the Nigerian economy.Although not much positive impact could be attributed to HIIC’s efforts in Nigeria, the Council urges the government â€Å"to improve on its synergy with the other tiers of government and the industry in order to build basic education geared towards enhancing capacity of the workforce for industrialisation of the economy. † It goes without saying that the nation’s unemployment rate has become a source of concern to government. Only recently the Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, admitted that the spate of unemployment was giving her sleepless nights.Quoting the National Bureau of Statistics, the minister declared that â€Å"each year, about 1. 8m young Nigerians enter into our labour market and we need to e nsure that the economy provides jobs for them. † Okonjo-Iweala blamed the ineffectiveness of government developmental programmes on the fact that Nigeria lacked the institutional capacity to harness the gains of the programmes. In her words, â€Å"When you look at Nigeria, for over 50 to 60 years, we’ve been working without the key institutions that some other people have. We keep making stopgap solutions.For 50 years, we didn’t have a Bureau for Public Procurement; for 50 years, we didn’t have a Debt Management Office. So many of the institutions that we have now are new and if you stand back, you’ll see there are still many gaps. It is now our job to try to fill those gaps. † The faster government moves in that direction the better as we have seen the concomitant effect of youth unemployment manifests itself in various forms across the country. Kidnapping, armed robbery and even militancy in the Niger Delta and to some extent the Boko Haram menace could be identified as some of the negative outcome of unemployment.

Acceptance of Differences

It is clear that America would like all of its citizens and residents to learn to accept differences between people.   As an example, the philosophy of teaching students with disabilities has been changing.   Separated from regular students at first, they must now be moved into classrooms with the rest.   In these classrooms, regular students learn to respect those who are different from themselves and students with disabilities improve their social skills (Ripley, 1997). At the same time, business organizations of America are required to learn diversity management.   At the governmental level, we now have the first black president in the White House.   However, as soon as President Barack Obama stepped into the White House he had to state that America is not an enemy of Muslims. Seeing that there was a need for the American president to make that statement reveals that our nation still needs to accept differences between people based on religion.    To support AmericaAmericans in accepting these differences, the government is required to change its political framing with regard to the Muslim world.   It is a known fact that political framing reflects through the media.   The government should work with the media to further resolve the misunderstandings between America and Muslims.   Americans are, after all, tired of wars. Response to Classmate’s Post: Your responses are all positive, and I agree that it is essential to applaud our nation for the leaps it has taken forward to end racism.   All the same, you have failed to answer the Muslim question that President Obama addressed during his first month in office.   I appreciated that you mentioned the role of media in ending stereotyping and supporting people in the acceptance of difference.   Yet, I cannot deny the fact that our nation needs to take greater leaps forward not only to become fully accepting of differences between people but also to become a model for other societies working on eradicating problems related to racism. References Ripley, S. (1997, Jul). Collaboration between General and Special Education Teachers. ERIC Digest.

The Challenges of Managing Behaviour Effectively Essay

The Challenges of Managing Behaviour Effectively - Essay Example According to the report managing student behaviour in a classroom is a major issue for high school teachers in the UK. Effective classroom management skills are vital issues in the teaching and learning environment. Teachers who can manage students’ behaviour help students to perform better than teachers who may not do the same. All teachers have a role to play to ensure that there is a positive classroom environment for learning.As the research highlights managing the behaviour of students effectively require knowing what to do at a particular time, when to and how to do it to bring desired results.   Teachers must understand the mechanisms that will lead to positive impacts on the behaviour of students. Although some teachers may do this instinctively without training, others will require extensive training to master these skills. Such teachers communicate high expectations, are calm in challenging situations, and motivate even the unruly students. On the other hand, admin istrators need to ensure that teachers know the mechanisms of managing behaviour in schools to direct students in the right way.  Students’ behaviour may range from those that are somewhat normal to those that are problematic. Some of the negative behaviours among students may involve failing to follow school rules and talking back to teachers and fellow students. Some of the more serious negative behaviours involve aggression, physical violence and getting involved in risky actions that include the use of alcohol or banned substances.

-How did the experience of colonialism affect Latin American Essay

-How did the experience of colonialism affect Latin American development and was this overcome with independence - Essay Example Independence of the once colony regions dictates the process in which the country will eventually develop (Brown & Paquette, 2013, p 19). In some extends, independence actively pushes the region towards positive development whereas in other scenarios, it retards the development, plunging the region into a world of chaos. This study leads towards understanding the impacts of colonization and influence of independent in postcolonial Latin America. The origin of the term Latin America is itself an illustration of the influence of colonialism in the southerner region of America. The region got the name from the establishment that its colonizing powers were the Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. The region encompasses present day countries such as the islands of Suriname, Jamaica, Haiti and Guyana, as well as, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Paraguay and southern part of the United States (Andrien, 2002, p 67). Before the arrival of these influential powers from Europe, the region in the 15th and early 16th centuries consisted of virtually indigenous people. Additionally, it is notable that the region had vastly advanced civilizations, although not to the sophistication level as was the European countries at the time. Some of the notable cultures regarded as advanced include the Aztec, Inca and Maya cultures, and origins of the people. However, through the processes of arrival of the foreigners who later colonized the region, it underwent several changes, experiences, and consequences, emerging as the Latin America region (Galeano & Belfrage, 1998, p 87). The impacts and influences of the colonial period on the region are vast. Additionally, the year also formulated the basis for the establishment of the independence wars and eventual independence of the region. During the colonial period, the immigration activity within the region consisted of mainly

Membership of the European Unoin is not the only challenge to the Essay

Membership of the European Unoin is not the only challenge to the traditional view of the supremacy of the UK Parliment, but it is the only one that seriously undermines that traditional view. Discuss - Essay Example That is, before the establishment of towns and cities, the concentration of people were in villages, where they lived a way of life, governed by local politics. With the evolution of humans and territories, political setup, which ruled a village, also evolved and new political setups or governance came into being, to rule cities, provinces or states and importantly countries. One of the political setups or governance that is visible all over the world, particularly in democratic countries is the Parliament. Parliament is the governing body which is endowed with the power of law-making and also functions as the forum for discussion and solution of peoples’ problems. â€Å"The term ‘Parliament’ is usually associated with the British system of parliamentary government, a system which has influenced the development of representative assemblies in many parts of the world† (Sapara). So, this paper will focus on the â€Å"Mother of Parliaments†, the United Kingdom Parliament, and will analyze its supremacy and importantly the issues that have crept in, to challenge that supremacy. The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body for United Kingdom and also its overseas territories. It only confers powers to all the other political bodies of United Kingdom, who all form an important part of governance. The UK parliament is of bicameral mode, with an upper house, the House of Lords, and a lower house, the House of Commons. â€Å"By constitutional convention, all government ministers, including the Prime Minister, are members of the House of Commons or, less often, the House of Lords, and are thereby accountable to the respective branches of the legislature† (wikipedia). So, in addition to conferring the power, the parliament makes them accountable for their actions, when they govern the people and take care of the public issues. Apart from these powers or

The Role of Human Resource Management in a Healthcare System with Research Paper

The Role of Human Resource Management in a Healthcare System with Employee Unions - Research Paper Example Employee unions in the U.S grew from 1950 to 1970 during which industrialization was at its peak (Shi and Singh, 2008). Towards the end of 1980s and 1990s, Malvey (2010) believes there was a change in this trend because the U.S economy was taking a different direction of production; from manufacturing industries to service industries, hence the decline in the number of workers registered under unions. This research paper presents the role played by HR management in improving the general delivery of healthcare services and patient outcomes in organizations that have employee unions. Methods This research paper was compiled with help from published literature. Data collection was through secondary sources. Results This paper is expected to reveal the role played by HR management in organizations that have employee unions and health organizations in general. The Role of HR Management in a Healthcare System with Employee Unions This section describes the specific work areas in which the roles of HR management are integrated to ensure that these aspects are taken into consideration during any organizational activity. Labor Unions and Healthcare Labor unions have one major objective: to protect the rights of the members and ensure their fair treatment (Dessler, 2012). The early 1990s saw a rise in unions due to industrialization and persistent unfair employee treatment by the management in the U.S. According to Dessler (2012, p. 404), the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was passed in 1935 and it protected workers’ rights to formation of unions, defined labor practices that were unfair and formed the National Labor Relations Board liable for NLRA regulatory oversight. A shift in the U.S economy from manufacturing to service during the 1980s and 1990s saw a decline in union membership following a remarkable rise that saw 25% of the U.S workforce represented by unions between 1950 and 1970 (Malvey, 2010). Healthcare industry is a target service sector by unio n leaders for they feel it is an untapped potential union membership source. According to Malvey (2010), the healthcare sector had 12.9% of its workers registered under unions in the year 2000, a percentage that rose in 2009 to 13.6%. The Service Employees International Union (SEIU) formed a separate union in 2007, SEIU Healthcare, which happens to be the largest national union (Dessler, 2012). This union represents nursing, hospital, long-term care and other outpatient facilities while those representing physicians are associated with SEIU. The largest union of nurses sin the United States is the National Nurses United (NNU) which was formed when three unions, the United American Nurses, the California Nurses Association, and the National Nurses Organizing Committee, merged and it represents an estimated 150,000 members (Dessler, 2012). The role played by the HR department and management is to engage in labor negotiations with these labor unions in order to provide employee ample t ime and place for work. Handling of Legal, Ethical, and Healthcare Safety Issues In all organizations all employees at different levels must understand the basic and ethical values that have particular effects in the healthcare working environment (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright, 2011). The legal relationship that exists between the healthcare institution and the client, or rather the nurse practitioner and the patient is the back-bone relationship of all medicares. It is not just the law’s requirement that healthcare providers maintain ethical behaviors but this must be addressed as the medical industry is full of tough situations that involve ethical problems.

Southwest Airline comprehensive external environment analysis Research Paper

Southwest Airline comprehensive external environment analysis - Research Paper Example Though the local political affairs are usually kept under control, there are numerous other issues that do not lie within the company’s hands. The perpetual rise in the fuel prices has always remained a major issue for Southwest. The unpredictable nature of the fuel prices is hugely attributed to several external factors which are usually not within the control of the company. The fuel prices are hugely driven by political agendas of the oil supplying nations and it may have varying results for the airline industry since oil is the major expenditure that an airline company has to endure in order to operate effectively and efficiently. Economic Factors The aviation industry within the United States of America has been a major contributor towards improving its country’s economy. According to a study issued by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in May 2012, the airline industry has almost contributed $669.5 billion (4.9%) to the U.S. economy. Of this amount , almost 31% was contributed by airlines, airports and airline concerned services. The current era in which Southwest operates, fuel is presumably the main issue for not only Southwest airline but the entire aviation industry. According to the financial statements of Southwest Airlines, oil and jet fuel prices have remained at around 37% of total operating expenses both in the year 2011 and 2012 (Investor Relations, 2012). Social Factors Travelling has remained an important aspect of people normal living and with the dynamism in the economy, commuting has increased rapidly during the last four to five decades. People who usually travel from one place to another would always want to travel with low cost, high quality service. Hence it may be argued that such services are, based on their cheapness, are usually available via rail or road transport but this issue may be reduced to a greater extent since Southwest operates a low cost airline service and people would prefer it considering the low cost which it offers. Ecological Factors Environment friendliness has always remained an important feature for Southwest Airlines. The company has always focused on purchasing fleets that are both cost efficient as well as environment friendly. In a bid to prove it environment friendly nature, the company ordered the purchase of almost 150 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft which it considers to be more environment friendly than its present aircrafts (Annual Report, 2011). Southwest also uses environmentally responsible products within its aircraft fleet in order to help providing better atmosphere for its customers. In order to display its commitment towards improving the environment, the company issued its â€Å"Southwest One Report†. The report addresses several ecological issues and also provides strategies which would be adopted by the company to help reduce environmental hazards (Annual Report, 2011). Technological Factors The aviation service industry is technology inten sive with an upward shift required at frequent intervals in order to remain competitive. Southwest Airlines has continuously kept up its foot on the accelerator with respect to technologically upgrading its services. The company has improved its website and its frequent flyer program in order to attract more customers. The company has also improved its fleets by providing Wi-Fi services to its

How Far Should Pornography Be Regulated in the 21st Century Essay - 1

How Far Should Pornography Be Regulated in the 21st Century - Essay Example FÐ ¾r exÐ °mple, MÐ °rshÐ °ll Ð °nd BÐ °rbÐ °ree (1984) stÐ °ted thÐ °t "there hÐ °ve been drÐ °mÐ °tic increÐ °ses in the Ð °mÐ ¾unt Ð ¾f viÐ ¾lent sex in bÐ ¾th sÐ ¾ft cÐ ¾re . . . Ð °nd hÐ °rd cÐ ¾re pÐ ¾rnÐ ¾grÐ °phy. . . Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °ble in Western sÐ ¾cieties". BÐ °rry (1979) stÐ °ted, "The mÐ ¾st prevÐ °lent theme in pÐ ¾rnÐ ¾grÐ °phy is Ð ¾ne Ð ¾f utter cÐ ¾ntempt fÐ ¾r wÐ ¾men . . . (whÐ ¾) Ð °re rÐ °ped, ejÐ °culÐ °ted Ð ¾n, urinÐ °ted Ð ¾n, Ð °nÐ °lly penetrÐ °ted, beÐ °ten, Ð °nd, with the Ð °dvent Ð ¾f snuff films, murdered in Ð °n Ð ¾rgy Ð ¾f pleÐ °sure". Russell Ð °nd Lederer (1980) Ð °lleged thÐ °t  «pÐ ¾rnÐ ¾grÐ °phy usuÐ °lly cÐ ¾mbines sÐ ¾me sÐ ¾rt Ð ¾f viÐ ¾lence with sex ». DwÐ ¾rkin (1981) in describing pÐ ¾rnÐ ¾grÐ °phy stÐ °ted, "reÐ °l wÐ ¾men Ð °re tied up, stretched, hÐ °nged, fucked, gÐ °ng-bÐ °nged, whipped, beÐ °ten, Ð °nd begging fÐ ¾r mÐ ¾re". SimilÐ °rly, Grif fin (1981) described pÐ ¾rnÐ ¾grÐ °phy Ð °s "usuÐ °lly Ð ° wÐ ¾mÐ °n, sÐ ¾metimes Ð ° mÐ °n, Ð ¾ften Ð ° child, is Ð °bducted by fÐ ¾rce, verbÐ °lly Ð °bused, beÐ °ten, bÐ ¾und hÐ °nd Ð °nd fÐ ¾Ã ¾t Ð °nd gÐ °gged, Ð ¾ften tÐ ¾rtured, Ð ¾ften hung, his Ð ¾r her bÐ ¾dy suspended, wÐ ¾unded, Ð °nd then murdered". Ð °ll these clÐ °ims Ð °s fÐ ¾r pÐ ¾rnÐ ¾grÐ °phy Ð °nd its negÐ °tive impÐ °ct Ð ¾n sÐ ¾ciety hÐ °s evÐ ¾ked cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾versiÐ °l Ð °pprÐ ¾Ã °ch tÐ ¾ the regulÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f pÐ ¾rnÐ ¾grÐ °phy Ð °nd subsequent viÐ ¾lence in 21st century. FrÐ ¾m Ð ¾ne side the demÐ ¾crÐ °tic system is believed tÐ ¾ hÐ °ve freedÐ ¾m in mÐ °ss mediÐ ° Ð °nd thus expÐ °nd different kinds Ð ¾f infÐ ¾rmÐ °tiÐ ¾n, frÐ ¾m Ð °nÐ ¾ther side the Ð ¾bscentity by which the wÐ ¾rld hÐ °s been filled with respect tÐ ¾ pÐ ¾rnÐ ¾grÐ °phy mÐ °kes it impÐ ¾rtÐ °nt tÐ ¾ regulÐ °te Ð °nd cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾l the infÐ ¾rmÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð °vÐ °ilÐ °ble fÐ ¾r the peÐ ¾ple Ð ¾f different Ð °ges. The pÐ ¾rnÐ ¾grÐ °phy cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾versy is Ð ° cÐ ¾mplex Ð ¾ne, spÐ °nning persÐ ¾nÐ °l, technicÐ °l Ð °nd public Ð °rgument (see GÐ ¾Ã ¾dnight) Ð °s it invÐ ¾kes sÐ ¾ciÐ °l, mÐ ¾rÐ °l, legÐ °l, Ð °nd ethicÐ °l clÐ °ims. It Ð °lsÐ ¾ rÐ °ises interesting theÐ ¾reticÐ °l questiÐ ¾ns  Ã °bÐ ¾ut the wÐ °y persÐ ¾nÐ °l testimÐ ¾ny Ð ¾perÐ °tes in public Ð °rgument. PriÐ ¾r tÐ ¾ Ð °ll Ð ¾f these cÐ ¾nsiderÐ °tiÐ ¾ns, hÐ ¾wever, is hÐ ¾w the cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾versy is distinguished by the primÐ °ry rÐ ¾le plÐ °yed by definitiÐ ¾nÐ °l Ð °rgument.

Business Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Project Management - Essay Example The researcher states that before initializing a project, project manager and team must be sure about the structure of the host firm because it influences their project and the operations they seek to perform. In addition, the culture of an organization is composed of certain attributes such as values, attitudes, viewpoints and behaviors of its staff members. In addition, it demonstrates the established principles and values of the organization, infusing all the activities which a corporation performs. In simple words, it can make a project a success or a failure. However, the perfect organizational culture is that in which projects are well thought-out in strategic management and are executed to promote and support a firm’s corporate strategy and corporate goals. As a result, top management pays more attention to them and assigns more and more organization’s resources to allow them to be successful. Here strategic management is the discipline of building, implementing, and assessing cross-functional decisions that facilitate a corporation to attain its goals. Moreover, each corporation has its own model organizational culture, operating systems and inside and outside resources to attain this. In addition, at the present it is necessary for the project managers to be familiar with the cultural, organizational and social environments adjacent the project. It could be done by recognizing the stakeholders and their capability to have an effect on the project. Thus, it could lead towards the likelihood of influencing project surroundings in an optimistic manner. Therefore, the any kind of risks could be considerably diminished; however failure to adopt such a way could unavoidably lead to a less than acceptable ending. In addition, the successful project managers would be familiar with the importance to put some effort in changing or improving the organizational culture for the benefit of the project stakeholders. In this scenario, it is the responsib ility of every team member of a project, undeniably every employee of the organization, needs to be influenced to express the attitude that, just as they are stakeholders, as well as every other project stakeholder is also vital (Wideman, 2001). Moreover, the organization's culture plays a significant role in success rate of projects. Take into account that this is about projects all throughout a corporation, not just about one specific project. In addition, the culture of a host organization plays possibly the major role in whether their organization is flourishing in running projects. On the other hand, if a supplier firm faces challenges running projects productively with the host firm, they cannot blame the project managers. In fact, they are struggling surrounded by a culture that is not in support of their struggle. Thus, it is essential for the project manager as well as the top management of the supplier firm to identify and assess the culture of the host organization. Until they are

The Kissnger Qiestion Essay Example for Free

The Kissnger Qiestion Essay The Vietnam War resulted in the deaths of 1.5 million to 3 million Vietnamese and other Indochinese and 58,000 Americans. It was the catalyst for Richard Nixon’s self-induced disgrace. Henry Kissinger played a pivotal role in guiding America’s foreign policy as the war torn nation reeled under the loss of one president to assassination and another to fraud. The Vietnam War singed the conscience of the world and Kissinger found himself where foreign policy and national security converged. National Security Advisor is the one that holds the most strategic meetings at the highest levels of US administration. External and internal threats to the nation’s security and well being should be calculated well in advance; otherwise the entire fabric of security planning lies in shreds. There must have been some constructive and sensible proposals to avert the Vietnam fiasco. It’s fair to ask what alternative course Americas critics would have followed. Some serious people argued for complete withdrawal, on the grounds that the war was already lost. Some have argued that Nixon, after taking office, should have declared that the situation in Vietnam was far worse than he had thought, blame it on the Democrats and seek a deal with the North Vietnamese like the one that was ultimately reached. Meanwhile, the argument goes, Nixon could have used tough rhetoric at home to appease the foreign policy makers. Whether the approach would have worked can’t be known, but had it worked, it certainly would have been preferable to what happened instead. Once in office, Kissinger and Nixon said they were seeking peace with honor: the abandonment of our South Vietnamese allies would be a dishonorable betrayal and would undermine our credibility in the world. America ended up abandoning them anyway. Even overlooking for the moment how the whole thing turned out, the peace with honor formulation was riddled with flaws. And the South Vietnamese regime was known to have been inept and hopelessly corrupt. In writing about the importance of our allies in South Vietnam, Kissinger gives minimal attention to the Vietnamese people but a great deal to South Vietnam’s president Nguyen Van Thieu, calling him a great patriot and a dauntless leader. McNamara and Kissinger, not unlike some American presidents, including Nixon, had myopic affinity for strongmen like the Shah of Iran, Philippines president Ferdinand Marcos. A student of Metternich, the 19th-century Austrian statesman, Kissinger was a practitioner of the realist (or realpolitik) school of diplomacy, which places emphasis on the state’s interests and the use of military power to achieve them, and he preferred to deal with the strong leaders of nation-states who could deliver. The US administration’s complicity in the 1963 overthrow of South Vietnam’s leader General Ngo Dinh Diem conferred legitimacy on the North Vietnamese claim that the South Vietnamese government was illegitimate. Ironically, when all this was happening in Vietnam, the rest of the world could only look and expect. Even the Nobel society that conferred the peace prize to Kissinger made almost no mention of the American lives lost during the Vietnam War, and none of the fact that USAs pursuit of what many saw as a patently hopeless cause may have damaged Vietnam permanently. To see the US side of the story, Nixon had a peculiar governing style. He hated to give direct orders and sometimes issued orders he hoped or expected would not be carried out. He had an aversion to controversy among his advisers. And after Vice President Spiro Agnew said in one meeting that the South Vietnamese, with American support, should attack two North Vietnamese sanctuaries in Cambodia rather than just one, as had been proposed, Nixon agreed. But, according to Kissinger, Nixon was so annoyed that Agnew had staked out a more hawkish position than his own that he excluded Agnew from the next meeting on the war. Even Kissingers colleagues are portrayed as politically astute Mel Laird, secretary of defense, to be slippery. Though, Laird was often proved right about the likely public reaction to proposed U.S. actions. Unfortunately, the men surrounding the president were accomplished charmers, masterly manipulators in a field where manipulation was the job requirement. The Vietnam War was not without its tragicomic aspects. There was the futile hunt for the elusive COSVN, supposedly the North Vietnamese military headquarters in Cambodia—and a leading rationale for U.S. military incursion into Cambodia in 1970. The South Vietnamese troops and their American advisers found only deserted huts. Nevertheless, USA describes the attack as a success, leading to the capture of documents, arms and ammunition, which, according to Karnow, were quickly replaced. There was also the raid by American commandos on the Son Tay prison in North Vietnam, which was believed to hold American prisoners of war but turned out to be empty. U.S. intelligence had said the prison was closed. The war did infuse sacrifice, though not entirely based on moral lines. Historians omit several relevant matters or deals with them in triumphs of understatement. The two senior members of the National Security Agency, Anthony Lake and Roger Morris, quit in 1970 in protest over the expansion of the war into Cambodia. And as for the national upheaval and constitutional crisis that was Watergate, Nixon felt unappreciated for his effort to withdraw troops, that antiwar sentiment touched Nixon on his rawest nerve and that he saw enemies all around him and so engaged in methods of all-out political combat. That’s it. No mention of Nixon’s enemies list; of the White House’s hiring a goon squad (the plumbers) to conduct break-ins; or of Kissinger’s supplying names to the FBI for wiretaps of his own aides and of journalists, to trace leaks about the war. Vietnamese people had to face brutalities of warring factions and deceit of their power hungry leaders. Many years on, we still cannot confidently classify the leaders who could have been true to the national cause or the people of Vietnam. Some critics persisted in believing that given enough time and resources, Americas Vietnam policy would have succeed. In 1975, after Ford had taken office as president with sole card to prevent Saigon’s collapse was additional money from Congress to fund the war effort—an appropriation that Congress was resisting. The denial of the money may well have sped the collapse of the South Vietnamese government, but how long it could have been sustained is another matter. If leaders truly continued to believe in enforcing the type of government, one is forced to conclude that USA would have deluded the world. Kissinger and Nixon were in a bunker of their own, clinging to the false promise of Vietnamization, holding to a misbegotten concept of national honor and railing at the war’s opponents. Great nations have the intent to make the right decisions in critical circumstances. Unfortunately, the reputation of USA is doomed to carry the fact that they failed to take a timely decision in Vietnam. References    John Prados, LOST CRUSADER: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby, Oxford University Press, 2003

History of Database Technology and Data Models Essay Example for Free

History of Database Technology and Data Models Essay Imagine that you own bank and along with that, you own your bank’s credibility to your 100,000 clients. Just writing down each client’s information in a piece of paper would not be very secure and practical nowadays. That’s how an electronic database system comes in the picture. In this fast growing world, a technology like a database system is very necessary for establishments that hold a huge amount of data. However, the development of the current database technology and database models underwent an intricate process before it comes to a full bloom. In 1964, the word â€Å"database† technically denoted collections of data shared by end-users of time sharing computer systems and was coined by workers in a military information system. In addition, around 1960s, private companies started to own computers because of their increasing storage capabilities. Two data models were introduced: network (CODASYL) and hierarchical (IMS) model. During that time, database management systems were unsystematic. There no actual theoretical model about data organization. There was more emphasis on the processing of the records rather than the overall structure of the database system. During the 1970s, many astonishing breakthroughs on databases were witnessed. It was about the 1970 that E. F. Codd proposed a relational model for databases. The presented a system that separates the logical organization (schema) of a database from the physical storages and since that, it has been a standard in the field of computing. The term Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) was coined during this period. Theories about databases had finally made its way to the mainstream research projects. Two main prototypes for RDBMS were created: Ingres that was developed at UCB and this system used QUEL as query language and System R that was developed at IBM San Jose and this system used SEQUEL as query language. Meanwhile, in 1976, P. Chen suggested the Entity-Relationship (ER) model for database design which was proved to be vital in conceptual data models. This proposal enabled the designers to focus more on the data usage rather than its logical table structure. Commercialization of database systems for businesses began during the 1980s as demands for computers boomed. In addition, Structured Query Language (SQL) became a standard for database systems during these periods. DB2 became IBM’s flagship and development of IBM PC paved the way for more database companies and products like Dbase III and IV, Database Manager, OS/2 and Watcom SQL. The network and hierarchical models for database also started to disappear in the background. When the 1990s came, only a few surviving companies began to offer complex products at higher prices. Developments on database systems were more focused on client tool applications such as PowerBuilder (Sybase), Oracle Developer and VB (Microsoft). Some personal productivity tools related to database management were also created such as Microsoft Access and Excel. Some prototypes of Object Database Management System (ODBMS) also arose in the 1990s. It was also during the 1990s that the World Wide Web appeared. Large investments were made by Internet-related companies on Web and database connectors. Examples of these connectors are Active Server Pages (ASP), Java Servlets, JDBC, ColdFusion, Dream Weaver and Oracle Developer 2000. A solid growth of database applications was still observed in the early 21st century. Three companies continually dominate the database market: Oracle, IBM and Microsoft. In the near future, it is generally seen that databases management will be more sophisticated since huge systems (systems with storage measured in terabytes) are currently existing today. Most of these systems are used by most projects with science databases (genome projects, space exploration data). However, the â€Å"next great thing† on is the usage of XML with Java and other emerging technologies as a way to store data.

Literature Review of Pain Assessment Tools

Literature Review of Pain Assessment Tools Introduction This essay will identify the issue of poorly addressed acute pain in hospitalized patients and critically compare and discusses a range of pain assessment tools referring to contemporary research literature and practice guidelines for patients who are able to self describe their pain and who are unable to self describe their pain due to verbal communication barriers, critical illness or delirium/dementia. Main Body According to the International Association for the Study of Pain, pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage (1). Clinically, â€Å"Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he/she says it does† (McCaffery, 1968). The temporal profile classification is most commonly used to classify pain.This broad classification of pain duration is often used to better understand the biopsychosocial aspects that may be important when conducting assessment and treatment. For example, many times chronic pain is a result of unresolved acute pain episodes, resulting in accumulative biopsychosocial effects such as prolonged physical reconditioning, anxiety, and stress. It is obvious that this type of time categorization information can be extremely helpful in directing specific treatment approaches to the type of pain that is being evaluated (Gatchel Oordt, 2003). Acute pain is usually indicative of tissue damage and is characterized by momentary intense noxious sensations (i.e., nociception). It serves as an important biological signal of potential tissue/ physical harm. Some anxiety may initially be precipitated, but prolonged physical and emotional distress usually is not. Indeed, anxiety, if mild, can be quite adaptive in that it stimulates behaviors needed for recovery, such as the seeking of medical attention, rest, and removal from the potentially harmful situation. As the nociception decreases, acute pain usually subsides. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain persists. Chronic pain is traditionally defined as pain that lasts 6 months or longer, well past the normal healing period one would expect for its protective biological function. Arthritis, back injuries, and cancer can produce chronic-pain syndromes and, as the pain persists, it is often accompanied by emotional distress, such as depression, anger, and frustration. Such pain can also often significantly interfere with activities of daily living. There is much more health care utilization in an attempt to find some relief from the pain symptoms, and the pain has a tendency to become a preoccupation of an individuals everyday living. According to Buckley (2000) nurses are the primary group of health care professionals responsible for the ongoing assessment and monitoring of patients to ensure that pain is effectively and appropriately managed and that patients and families are informed of the consequences of acute pain. Assessment of pain can be a simple and straightforward task when dealing with acute pain and pain as a symptom of trauma or disease. Assessment of location and intensity of pain often sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ces in clinical practice. However, other important aspects of acute pain, in addition to pain intensity at rest, need to be deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ned and measured when clinical trials of acute pain treatment are planned. If not, meaningless data and false conclusions may result. The 5 key components: Words, Intensity, Location, Duration, Aggravating factors pain assessment are incorporated into the process. Objective data are collected by using one of the pain assessment tools which are specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c to s pecial types of pain. The main issues in choosing the tool are its reliability and its validity. Moreover, the tool must be clear and, therefore, easily understood by the client, and require little effort from the client and the nurse. According to Husband (2001) to measure the pain severity or intensity, several scales can be used such as a numeric rating scale (NRS), the visual analog scale (VAS), observation scales with indicators of pain, and even creative depictions of pain intensity with scale using a pain thermometer. The numeric rating scale allows patients to rate their pain on and 11-point scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). The majority of patients, even older adults can use this scale. The thermometer scale may be useful in the elderly, according to Rakel and Herr (2004). It shows a picture of a thermometer arranged on a background with a vertical word scale. Finally categoric scales use verbal descriptors to quantify the level of pain and those scales have been validated and are considered to be reliable. Chronic pain has a major impact on physical, emotional, and cognitive function, on social and family life, and on the ability to work and secure an income. Meaningful assessment of long-lasting pain is therefore a more demanding task than assessing acute pain. This is true both in clinical practice and when conducting trials of management of long-lasting pain. A comprehensive assessment of any chronic complex pain condition requires documenting (i) pain history, (ii) physical examination, and (iii) specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c diagnostic tests. Chronic pain assessment tools are the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), which assesses pain severity and the degree of interference with function, using 0 – 10 NRS, and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the short-form MPQ (SF-MPQ) evaluate sensory, affective–emotional, evaluative, and temporal aspects of the patient’s pain condition. Pain assessment in older adults can be challenging and very difficult in some situations (Rakel Herr, 2004). When the patient cannot report his/her subjective pain experience, proxy measurements of pain must be used, such as pain behaviours and reactions that may indicate that the person is suffering painful experiences. Besides communication difà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ culties caused by language problems, patients in the extremes of age, and critically ill patients in the intensive care setting, are common assessment problems. Older patients may prefer to use alternate means to express their pain through the use of word descriptors that best characterize the pain, such as aching, hurting, and soreness (Herr Garand, 2001). Significant challenges occur when assessing patients who are unable to communicate verbally, in writing, or by gestures, or when they are cognitively impaired. Pain assessment should be ongoing at regular intervals, individualised and documented clearly to facilitate treatment and communication among health care clinicians. Conclusion In conclusion, adequate assessment of pain, using validated tools appropriate to the population or individual, is an essential prerequisite of successful pain management. It has been shown in many countries that inadequate pain assessment is common, with resultant failings in management of pain. Inadequate pain control can prolong the recovery period, increase length of stay, and increase overall health care costs ( Shang Gan, 2003) Only by regularly assessing and measuring pain, as routinely as the other vital signs, can we hope to make pain visible enough to those caring for patients and thus improve management. This is especially true for the patients that anaesthetists care for every day, those with acute pain after surgery, trauma, and in the intensive care unit.

The Learning Development Program Should be Retained :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

The Learning Development Program Should be Retained The local community college cancelled the Learning Development Program (L.D.C.) in the summer of 1999. This program was designed to assess and implement learning deficiencies in potential new students. The academic subjects covered were General Math, English and Reading. It had been determined in the late 1980s that a large number of incoming students were inadequately prepared in these subject areas, and were not able to enroll in the lowest level courses. Assessment test scores confirmed this observation. As a consequence, the college began a program graded on a pass-fail basis, designed to bring these students up to speed. The cancellation of this program should be reviewed, and some instructional alternative must be offered in its place. At this time, students are either rejected for admission, or admitted and then fail their English and math classes. The case for removing the L.D.C. classes rests on two issues: a lack of student interest and a lack of classroom space. Enrollment began to drop after 1997, when a new alignment of supervisory personnel occurred. Students were not made aware of the potential benefits to themselves, and were not prepared for the rigors of college-level work in such areas as English and math. The administration maintained that adequate alternatives were being offered. Further, it was argued that the economic factor of providing for instructors and instructional materials for the small numbers of students enrolled in L.D.C. classes did not make sense. One alternative available for failing students involves tutoring programs for English and math. These are "drop in" labs where those students struggling in the subject areas can come and receive help from a qualified faculty member. For many this service is all that is required. Yet, other students cannot succeed in the "drop in" labs, which often are noisy, and where individual attention is limited. The college can then request a special tutor. This would involve one-on-one instruction. The cost factor here, touted by the administration as of the utmost importance, spirals upward. It is difficult to understand this kind of budgeting, where another program containing indeterminate costs supplants one program that was successful in the past. The second issue concerns a lack of classroom space. A multi-use classroom was designated as the Academic Support Center in 1995-1997.

The Washington Monument Essay -- Architecture History Historical Essay

The Washington Monument The most stunning monument in our capital is the Washington Monument. At 555 feet high, it is the tallest such monument in the world. It is an obelisk by shape, yet not a true obelisk because it is not carved out of a single stone. The monument was built at intervals between 1848 and 1885. It memorializes George Washington's achievements and his devotion to principles and to his country. The Washington Monument has an interesting history. The idea of a monument celebrating George Washington was first considered by the Continental Congress in 1783. However, the next three decades brought neglect by Congress to take action. Finally, in 1833 the Washington National Monument Society was organized to forward the progress of the monument. Progress was slow for the society and by 1847 they had raised $87,000. Robert Mills, a well-known architect, was soon selected to design the monument. His design called for a decorated obelisk that was 600 feet high, rising out of a circular colonnaded building. This building was to be a 'temple' , an American pantheon, which would house statues of presidents and national heroes, including a large statue of George Washington. The design changed over the years and finally settled on a the obelisk without decoration as we know today. The building progressed well until the civil war. At this time construction was halted for almost 25 years. This left the unfinished obelisk standing 150 feet. Finally, on August 2, 1876, President Grant ordered the completion of the monument. The capstone was placed on the monument on December 6, 1884 and it was finally dedicated on February 21, 1885. Elevators were first powered by a steam hoist. The current elevator was installed in 195... ...ke the ancient Egyptians, we still raise monuments to commemorate our present day heroes. Although today these monuments are ordered and directed by the general public and not by the king or hero themselves. (This probably accounted for the difficulty in final completion of the Washington Monument) The long history or the obelisk being built, toppled, and stolen, further illustrates the ideas it contains. It stood for power and divinity. Today, the Washington Monument stands as a symbol of George Washington's contribution to our nation and our citizens still pay tribute to the great leader. Works Cited: Badawy, Alexander. A History of Egyptian Architecture. University of California Press. 1968. Tompkins, Peter. The Magic of Obelisks. Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1981. Engelbach, L. The Problem of the Obelisks. T. Fisher Unwin Limited, London, 1923.

Elegy, Written With His Own Hand In the Tower Before His Execution and

Comparing Metaphors in Chidiock Tichborne's Elegy, Written With His Own Hand In the Tower Before His Execution and William Blake's To See A World In A Grain Of Sand Chidiock Tichborne's "Elegy, Written With His Own Hand In the Tower Before His Execution" and William Blake's "To See A World In A Grain Of Sand" contain several fascinating metaphors that produce two impressive verses that capture our imagination. Both of these elegies deal with life and the contrasting ways it surfaces from within the poet's mind. These metaphors (an analogy between two things that give us insight into the unrevealed part) create an image within our minds that maintain our attention throughout the verse. In Blake's, "To See A World In A Grain Of Sand," every line is a metaphor that secures our attention and blazes our imagination. Blake expresses a metaphor wisely when he asserts "†¦Hold infinity in the palm of your hand†¦" (Blake 125, line 3). Humans have always grasped onto time, as if by gripping it tightly, we can control its outcome: multiply time, making time stand still, and so forth. Blake...

Justice: Childhood Love Lessons Essay

Scares, bruises, and welts are just some of the marks abusive parents leave on their children. However, spanking and slapping on the hand when disobeying are ways to teach loving discipline. In Justice: Childhood Love Lessons bell hooks claims that â€Å"No one can rightfully claim to be loving when behaving abusively.† Parents that abuse their children do not show or teach love. However, it is unfair to claim that a slap on the hand is considered abuse and the parents that commit this type of action, they do not love their child. There is a difference between physical punishment and child abuse. â€Å"Children from all classes tell me that they love their parents and are loved by them, even those who are being hurt and abused.† (hooks 1). Love is the best feeling in the world because it makes a person feel confident and secure. hooks explains that when asked to define love children say it’s giving hugs and kisses, being sweet and cuddly. (hooks 1). Children believe that their parents do for them. Jackie at the age of four says † Love is when your puppy licks your face even when you left him alone all day.† Love is unconditional, parents can get upset with their children for their misbehaving, but they still love them. They may spank or punish their children for things that they have done wrong but they are showing and guiding them to the right things so they do not end up in the wrong places in life. Parents do what is best for their children they do not want them to struggle through life like they did. Abuse confuses children about love. hooks explains that â€Å"There is nothing that creates more confusion about love in minds and hearts of children than unkind and/or cruel punishment meted out by the grown-ups they have been taught they should love and respect.† (hooks 1). Parents that abuse their children confuse them about love because they believe that their parents love them but when they are being hit with belts, hangers, and wooden spoons it makes them think do my parents really love me or not. Parents that beat  their children with these items are not showing or teaching their children what love really is. Anxiety, depression, dissociation, difficultly concentrating, academic problems, withdrawn and/ or difficulty connecting with other, difficulty sleeping are just some of the possible effects of child abuse on a child’s mental health. The effect of abuse may affect each child differently. While the effects of child abuse can be severe and long- lasting, children who have been abused or exposed to violence can and do go on to have productive childhoods and adult lives. Children that have been abused, their brains tend to develop at an incredible pace during the early development stages of infancy and childhood. Some physical effects of child abuse are bruises, welts, burns, difficulty in working or sitting, torn, stained, or bloody clothing, and possible poor hygiene. children may have eating disorders, use drugs, and/ or harm themselves to cope with the trauma of being abused. There is a difference between physical punishment and child abuse. Physical punishment is done out love to keep a child out of danger, but child abuse is often done by an angry or frustrated parent. Physical punishment is needed in a child’s life to teach them the difference between right from wrong. Spankings are used if a child was told not to touch something, but they do it anyway. Some parents feel that if they spank their child that they will not love them. a child may get mad and resent their parents for spanking, but if the parent goes back to the child and explains that the spanking was not because they were mad or because they do not love them but because they had not done what they were asked. In conclusion, Love and discipline can coexist to an extent. It’s okay for parents to spank a child when they are not listening or slap their hand to keep them out of danger. But parents that abuse their children are confusing their child about the true meaning of love. There is a difference between physical punishment and child abuse.

Depression, symptoms of depression Essay

stamp is a psychological condition that changes how you think, looking, and it in addition affects your social behavior and sense of carnal wellness. I give the sack make you feel low self esteem and nates cause self-depreciation. slump is non touch grim occasionally, it is a constant aroma of sadness that stays with you. If not tempered it notwithstandingtocks affect the elbow room you act, feel, and the way you think. It can likewise cause you to be more pessimistic towards family members, or friends. notion is mavin of the most common psychological problems. It affects nearly everyone through either soulal downs or through slack in a family member. Every year astir(predicate) 17 million American adults experience a period of clinical effect. Depression has oftentimes lead to suicide in more untreated cases.Depression can affect everyone. to the highest degree flock who desire medical attention for slump atomic number 18 treated and cured successfull y. Although most citizenry do seek professional help, not all do, which whitethorn cause sensual illness to that individual. It can cause liberation of appetite, changes in sleeping habits. It can also cause you to lose bet in intimacys that you once like to do (sports, friends, organism outdoors.)The symptoms argon not recognized as low gear. Most citizenry who ar demoralise appear lazy or tired. Most masses who are discourage do not realize it themselves, but they do feel a change in themselves, that often they do not see to it others about. The underlying cause is less often examined. The causes of low gear can be many things. Past trauma, financial problems, peer atmospheric pressure, family problems, death in the family, and stress, are round of the more common causes of depression. Depression in younger children is usually caused by unskilled family life or divorce. The part of the wiz that effects emotions such as depression is the Frontal Lobe.The Frontal lobe is found in the area around the forehead. The mental symptoms of depression are difficulty in concentrating, slowed thinking, and indecisiveness. A depressed soulfulness may be easily distracted and memory may be impaired. In most expert cases depression may be associate to psychosis, which means that they lose touch with reality. For exemplification they may experience hallucinations or remove to hear voices in their head. This beneficial of a depression may also be known as bi-polar disorder. masses with depression often experience changes in thinking. This means that people will read problems concentrating or decision making. They might also bemuse short term memory, or will things all the time. Most depressed people have negative thoughts about themselves (harming themselves or others). Pessimism, poor self-esteem, excessive guilt, and self censure are also symptoms. A person who is depressed may have changes in the way they feel. They may feel sad for no reason at all, some people that have depression phrase that they no longer find and interest in the activities that they once loved. Irritability is also a symptom of depression a person may seem more irritated with every little thing than usual. Eating disorders may also perish during depression. For example, not consume enough, or eating a lot more. People who are around a depressed person can often tell that at that place is something wrong because of the way the person acts, or their behavior.Depression is very common among teenagers. Teenagers scat to have more problems with their parents during their teen years. This can cause depression. They may also be faced with serious peer pressure which can overwhelm them and make them blend depressed. As the amount of teenagers who are depressed rises, so does the number of suicides in teens. clinical studies have proven that teen depression almost always leads to thoughts of suicide. The number one cause of teen suicide is untreated d epression, which is why it is important to get interference if you recognize any symptoms in a teen.Treatment is mandatory for serious cases of depression. The first-yearly step to becoming cured is to tax the type of depression that is occurring, once that is through you must determine what type of depression it is. Psychologists ask people with depression when the first time the started feeling depressed, how severe it is, and if you have had signs of depression before in your lifetime. there are two cures for depression, psychotherapy, and anti-depressant medication. Most people do well when treated with psychotherapy, but medication works faster than psychotherapy. about people require psychotherapy along with medication. The down side to medication is that it doesntcure depression, it only treats the symptoms of it.To manage depression you must first identify the feelings that you have. formerly you have done that you must cast these feelings into perspective and focus on the lordly things in your life instead of base on historical problems. These steps are not always easy for people to follow. People who dwell on past traumas almost always become depressed.In conclusion depression is a treatable unsoundness that is cause by many several(predicate) things. The fact that depression is a serious disease is not taken disadvantageously enough in society today. People who are suspicious that a person may be depressed should fulfil someone about it as currently as possible before it leads to suicide.

No Longer at Ease Essay

One of Chinua Achebes of import socio-political criticisms in No extended At Easeis that of decadence in Nigeria. From the moment the book go ab starts the main character, obi Okonkwo, is confronted with the issue of transplant. From the moment he arrives at usage to the point at where he gives in to taking bribes himself, the voice of Achebe lingers in the poledrop by dint of the words. At first obeah is as critical as Achebe of bribery. He refuses to orchestrate bribes and besides remembers it necessary for himself to be a pi sensationer in Nigeria, bringing pop up corruption in government and instigating change. It seduce carems that corruption runs rearing and that everyone in Nigeria from the white man to the Umuofian Progressive federation participates in seeing people about what they assume done. Men offer silver, and women offer their bodies, in parry for favors and services.obeah remembers that by non taking br slice at the university in capital of t he United Kingdom, a paper in which he theorized on what would change the corruption of high rates in Nigeria. He believed that the overage Afri shadowers at the top of civilized service positions would energize to be replaced by a new-fashioned contemporaries of idealistic and better university graduates, such as himself. Achebe, however, is non as optimistic as obeah because he has obeah fail. Achebe causes us done the path of how someone ilk obi bay window come to take bribes. The book begins on a invalidating none starting with obis trial. It is as if Achebe, by antecedent in the end, is apothegm that obi was doomed from the start. obeahs position is a tough one. He is born(p) in Ibo, but he has been educate in England and frequently feels himself a odd in his profess unsophisticated.He has disoriented his love because of a rule of the past, he has suffered under great financial distress, he has exerted himself because of the expectations early(a)s project placed on him, and he has lost his commence. both of this brings the booster station of the sassy to f completely into what he at one time had believed was a terrible and corrupt act. Still, obi incessantly feels guilt at taking a bribe, and he had decided to stop ibes he can unclutter a difference. He had written, them. By having obeah cleave caught, flat amid an aura of repentanceand guilt, Achebe get ahead illustrates the prevarication of in all who pass water participated in bribes and now feed stones at obi.And, at the same time, it dictates us that, although he got caught, obeah is still a pioneer because he has sworn to not do it over again. It may be that his beginning as a pioneer is a rough one, one that has taken a slue path, but it does not definitely mean that he cannot still lead toward change. Still, perhaps Achebe may be saying that this is not true, and that obi, ultimately, has failed at the t consider he set before himself. Whether t he book is a catastrophe (an unresolved situation) in obeahs commentary of the word or not is up to whether we believe that it is Achebe who is the greatest pioneer in the impertinent. In other words, it is the authors critical voice that puff up stakes lead others out of such corruption, if not by only making the dry land and younger propagations of Nigerians sensitive of it.The Influence of EducationOne of the closely principal(prenominal) locutions of obis life is that he was educated in England. This small fact molds the direction others swear out him and shapes what others expect of him. At the same time, the education he holds dear is besides one for which he has matte up guilt and one which has lots made him a stranger in his throw Nigeria. Upon his return from England, obeah is secured a position in the civil service, disposed(p) a car, currency, and respect. At the same time, however, he seems to be making unalterable mistakes because of what he has l earned to be like, what he has come to understand, and what he has never learned. For instance, when obeah first arrives, he is given a receipt by the Umuofian Progressive coupling at which he makes several mistakes. He has forgotten how to act in his floor or simply does not conform to with its ways he wears a short-sleeved shirt and sees naught wrong with it, for it is hot, and he handles casually in face, or else of the kindly of heavy slope that the Umuofians admire in the president of the Union.His education has brought him status and has placed him in a position where others expect the most and outmatch of him. No one can understand, in the end, how a man of his education and promise could take a bribe. Of course, Achebe, says this cheekily since more than who take a leak accused him and who in addition hold high positions are guilty of analogous transgressions. Ironically, the only thing his education did not inculcate him was how not to get caught. Another important aspect of education, forth from the contradictions mentioned above, is thefact that obis generation uses its education as a in any casel, paradoxically, against compoundism.Sam Okoli, the minister of State and as well as an educated man, verbalizes the position of the populace by saying that, yes, the white man has brought galore(postnominal) things to Africa, but it is time for the white man to go. In other words, a man like obi can use his education to take his country covering into his own hands, correct if his education is something that the colonizer gave him. It is important to remember that the only way to weather in a world where both assimilations look at met is to allow a original amount of motley to be used in a tyrannical regard.Tradition versus Progression charm obi is in England he misses his home, longs for his family, and writes desirous meter about Lagos and the sun and the trees of his homeland. He even begins to feel a certain cours e of guilt, at times, for study face and not organism in Nigeria with other Ibo people. Nevertheless, this English has run low a part of him, one that he cannot abolish when he arrives back in Nigeria. Obi is in love with his native tongue, and it holds a place in his heart. At the same time, however, he is as well pleasant with the English oral communication.The attempt of vocabulary is just one of the many examples of how African usageand English culture collide in this bracing. Obi loves his family dearly, and since his family is emblematical of his grow, it can be said that he loves his roots dearly. This is not to say, however, that he bequeathing not rebel against his roots because of things he has learned elsewhere. Obi possesses the more liberal, and even European, belief that he may embrace anyone he wishes, even though his family and his countrymen are opposed to it. And, even though he wishes to bind Clara in the end, disdain her history, he is tied to h is mother a symbolic usanceal root his blood. It is this struggle amid tradition and European ways that is evidenced throughout and that is further amplified by the European presence of characters like Mr. atomic number 19.And, aside from the obvious Mr. grand, there are also the more subtle presences of Europeans at lounges and restaurants throughout Nigeria serving English food and importing European beers. Some of these compound importations and introductions are good, as is evidenced by the cyclorama about the radiogram between Obi and the parson of State. Nevertheless, thestruggle exists, and it is obvious that Achebe has a strong negative opinion about compoundism as a whole.MotifsSongs and verse lineThroughout the refreshful there are songs and song that mean different things at different moments in time. When Obi is onward at school his verse line is a kind of pull toward Nigeria, a profession and remembrance of home and yet, he writes these poems in English. Wh ile he is in Nigeria, there are many songs sung in his presence, some of which Obi also dissects using the English voice communication but not without the Ibo pulling at his heart. It is as though, however, all of this poetry and song represents his desire for home and his hearts need for it. He has studied poetry in England, but poetry also links him to homethese poetic contradictions are all appropriate to the impertinents ultimate struggle, which is that of the young man brio under the end of a long colonial reign.ProverbsIf allusions to English literature are what are c remedylessly driving us toward England, it is the constant allusion to proverbs that drives us back to Africa. Achebe peppers his unfermented with proverb after proverb, making the novel specifically and strategically African. Achebe, like Obi, is using the in any casels of colonialism for his own purposes he is making the European form of the novel his own.LanguageThe issue of linguistic communication is omnipresent in the novel and is simply one of the many issues that ascend out of a colonial society. Obi struggles between two tongues (Ibo and English) just as he does between two cultures. He was born into one language, and he obtained knowledge in the form of the other make one of the basic problems throughout No Longer At Ease.SymbolsMr. reverse lightningMr. Green is symbolic of the European presence in Nigeria, as he is the digest of the paternal colonizer, who has brought some good but loosely arrogance. He is very much the kind of Englishman who believes in the good of empires and thinks he can, as Obi points out, prove people how to live their lives.The Umuofian Progressive UnionIf Mr. Green stands for Europe in Obis struggle between tradition and European ways, then the UPU stands for the unreformable traditional ways of the past. Mr. OmoOmo stands for what Obi calls the old African, which is phonation of a more submissive, (to the British) senior(a) generation of N igerian. It is a generation that has more consternation of the British than the younger generation, which longs for independence and freedom.-Analysis of Major CharactersObi OkonkwoThe protagonist of the No Longer at Ease, Obi Okonkwo, is a young man born in Ibo in the Eastern Nigerian village of Umuofia. He was good educated and eventual(prenominal)ly sent to study virtue in England, a course of study he lastly changed to English. He stays in England for about quaternary years, at times longing for the warmly weather of home and all the other desirous qualities his memory supplies him during long winters abroad. Nevertheless, his arrival is less than what he has expected. Because he is educated, he is given a European post, and he works in an office whose ethical motive he finds repulsive. He stands firmly against the bribery that goes on and is opposed to his boss, a very old, white, and English colonial man gived Mr. Green. Obi finds himself in a constant battle between t raditions of the world into which he was born (that of the village and his traditional African roots), represented by the Umuofian Progressive Union, and the conventions of a changing world.Obi finds himself at the beginning of a generation of change, caught between two worlds. He is ineffectual to marry the woman that he loves because she is considered an outcast. He claims to want to marry her anyway because by the time he has children, the world will have changed, and it will not matter, just as it does not matter now that his father is a metamorphose to Christianity (a conversion that was once preferably scandalous). Still, Obi loses his fiance, his mother, and finds himself in serious debt throughout the course of the novel. He mustiness pay back his scholarship loan and is amenable for pass arounding money home.Eventually, Obi breaks under all of this pressure and gives in to the bribery he had stood against soidealistically, but he does not give in without guilt. At the end, he even claims to be end with bribery, right before he is caught. Somehow it is too new-fashioned, and his situation, his position of being caught between two change over worlds, becomes almost impossible. Obis birth name is Obiajulu which nitty-gritty the brainpower at last is at rest, and this naming is a looming irony, considering the entitle of the novel and Obis predicament. Obi is ill at ease in both of his cultural experienceshe lies in the middle, a difficult place.ClaraClara is another character in the novel that is struggling in the changing world of pre-independence Nigeria. She is educated abroad, like Obi, and has a career as a nurse. She has a mind of her own and is often stubborn but shows herself to be quite caring, nevertheless. The first one-on-one conversation she has with Obi was regarding Obis seasickness (she had gone to his cabin, on their voyage home, because she had seen that he was feeling ill). She is also instinctive to compromise, and, altho ugh she finds Obis poetry boring, she is involuntary to get word to it. She is also willing to meet with friends of Obis that she dislikes. While she seems quite spoiled at times, she does her shopping in the slums and is willing to genuinely give Obi money to spare him from trouble, even if he is unwilling to take it.However, the honor remains that she is a difficult person, perhaps because she finds it difficult to let go of her past. She is strong-minded though not intellectual and finds herself bound to a tradition that seems unjust to both her and Obi. She is burdened by the fact that she is an osu, which means that because of her ancestral past, she is an outcast. It is for this reason that she cannot marry the man she wishes to marry.though Obi claims he does not care, he regard the ultimatum of his mother, which is that he must wait until she is slain, or she will kill herself if he marries Clara while she (his mother) is alive. This upsets Clara, and it is after this that they have their final break-up, after which Clara is hospitalized because of complications during an abortion. During this time Clara refuses to see Obi. From the beginning Claras romance with Obi was on rickety ground. Symbolically we need only to look at where Clara and Obi first began their relationship in the water, on turbulent and fluctuating grounds.William GreenThe character of Mr. Green is representative of the white, European presence in Africa that resulted from the break of Englands empire and its colonial hold on Nigeria. He is an arrogant man, who believes that the African is corrupt through and through and that it is the British who have brought Africans civilization and education. Nevertheless, Mr. Green seems to be committed to Nigeria, and there are characters in the book such as his secretary, Miss Tomlinson, who forever and a day support him in spite of his strangeness. Miss Tomlinson, however, is also a white Englishperson aliveness in Nigeria. The cas hier tells the reader that Green works long and impenetrable hours, but this quality is eer being uprooted by reminders of his colonial attitude and superiority complex.He thus has a problematic relationship with Obi, who is an educated African in a European post. Still he believes in education, which makes it both ironic and fitting that he pays for the education of his stewards sons. Mr. Green finds it a problem that Africans ask for weeks off at a time for Mr. Green finds it a problem that Africans ask for weeks off at a time for vacations. However, this tradition was actually started by the very Europeans who held these high posts in civil service prior to the Africans themselves.These contradictions are evermore arising out of the character of Mr. Green. He is an archetypal enrol of patriarchic colonialism that finds it difficult to relinquish such a position. In fact, when he thought Nigerians would attain independence, he had threatened to resign. Significantly, Mr. Gre en is a figure of an older world that is constantly present in the Nigeria of the late fifties, which Achebe portrays, only several years before its eventual independence, when a figure like Green will remain a problem but eventually become obsolete.-Plot OverviewObi Okonkwo is a young man, about twenty-six years old, who returns to Nigeria after studying in England at a university for four years. No Longer At Ease, begins with a trial against Obi that takes place a while after his return, and the novel then works its way backward to let off how Obi has come to be charged with evaluate a bribe. The Umuofia Progressive Union(U.P.U) has given Obi a scholarship to study law in England, a scholarship that Obi has to pay back upon his return. And, thus, he leaves for England, stopping in Lagos on the way out. While in England, several things happen to him. First, he changes his course of study to English and abandons law. Secondly, he finds himself desirous for home, writing poems abo ut Nigeria. Finally, he meets a female child named Clara at a dance in London but fails to make a good impression. However, the female child is Nigerian also, and on Obis boat ride back home, after nearly four years in England, he meets Clara once again.This time, they begin a relationship. Once back in Nigeria, Obi stays, once again, in Lagos with his friend Joseph, trying to find a job and a place of his own. He also visits his own home village of Umuofia. Obi is quickly given a post on the Scholarship Board of the Civil Service and is also quickly introduced to the world of bribery, which is a world he wholeheartedly rejects with a strong idealism at first. This is indicated early on when a man offers Obi money in order for Obi to pull strings for his little sisters scholarship. Obi is appalled and rejects the offer, only later to be met at home by the little sister herself who offers Obi her body in return for the scholarship favor. Again, Obi rejects this offer. Although Obi begins his life in Nigeria in an aboveboard way, events do not go as he has planned.First, Clara tells him that she cannot marry him because she is an osu, an outcast. Obi decides to ignore this and go against what most of his fellow countrymen believe to be a major(ip) transgression of custom, and he decides he will marry her anyway. Still, his economic hardship worsens, given that he has to send money home and that he is in debt. Obi then receives a letter from his father sexual congress him that he must go home. When he arrives at home he sees that his mother is very ill. And, his parents tell him he must not marry Clara because she is an osu. In fact, Obis dying mother gives him an ultimatum she tells him that if he insists on marrying Clara, he must wait until she is dead because if he marries Clara while she is alive, she will kill herself. Obi, therefore returns back to Lagos and tells Clara all that has transpired. Clara becomes angry and breaks off the engagement, later hinting at the fact that she is pregnant. It is at this point when Obi arranges an abortion.He does not have the money and take to borrow it. Complications arise out of the operation, and Clara is hospitalized, after which she refuses to see Obi. Obi then returns to work,only to be notified that his mother has died. He does not go home for the funeral, and the U.P.U. discusses this affliction on Obis behalf as a sign of his not having cared about his mothers death. The truth, however, is that he was terribly saddened by her death, feels terrible self-reproach and guilt, and has entered into a state of mental turmoil.However, Obi awakes from this unrest with a new sense of calm. He feels like a new man, and it is at this point that he takes his first bribe, not without a certain degree of guilt. Obi allows this acceptance of bribes to become habitual. He continues to take bribes until the end of the novel, when Obi decides he cannot stand it anymore. He has paid off all of his d ebts and can no longer be a part of the corruption. It is at this moment, however, when he has taken his last bribe, that he is caught, which brings us back to the beginning of the novel.Discuss the Significance of the novels title No Longer at Ease. resolve for regard Question 1 The title of the novel relates mostly to Obi and his predicament. He finds that he is no longer at ease inside African society, where bribes are taken, where he is shunned for wanting to marry the woman he loves because of his ancestry, and where he is looked down upon because he has trouble relating the people from the village where he was born. He is not at ease, either, however, within British sectors of society. He is able to speak fluent and good English, he is able to analyze and discuss, but he is unable to relate to someone like Mr. Green. He also feels himself, like other Nigerians, as is evidenced in the retrospective scene about London, a stranger in a strange land while in England.He misses Ni geria and is in fact nostalgic for her when he is away. He understands what he must do for his country and that she is important however, his return is different from memory. remembrance is, in many ways, shattered when he revisits Lagos and his old home of Umuofia. Furthermore, by the end he finds himself apprehensive with his lot in life he is broke, he has lost Clara and his mother and has given in to taking bribes. Finally he feels guilt for this but it is too late.thither is also the irony of Obis name, which means the mind is at last at rest. It is supposed to mean that his fathers mind is at rest because he was born a boy after so many girls however, when set against the title of the novel it becomes the greatest irony of the novel because Obiis, of course, never, himself, at rest. The title is perfect because it describes a generation of Africans, in this case Nigerians, that find themselves living in between worlds, cultures, and on the verge of a post-colonial world.Clo seDiscuss the problem of language in the novel. Think about the problem as it relates to the characters of the novel as well as to Chinua Achebe. Answer for Study Question 2 Language is an issue that arises out of all colonized countries because the colonized are educated in the language of the colonized. The issue arises time and again in Achebes novel. When Obi returns from England, the members of the Umuofian Progressive Union are not impressed by Obis English because it is too casual. They like to listen to English when it is full and spoken in all its purple prose, in the way that the president of the UPU speaks it. This kind of English is a kind of class token. There is a certain amount of pride, ironically, in the language of the colonizer.This may be, however, because those admiring this English are from an older generation. When Obi is discussing eating yams with his hands he says that the younger generation can do this because they do not fear being called uncivilizedthe s ame may fool to their mode of feeling regarding language. The younger generation of Obi and Christopher, Obis friend, plays with language much more easily. For instance Christopher speaks different kinds of English, depending on what he is talking about and to whom he talking.Obi claims that most educated Africans participate in this playfulness with language. Obi has his own problems with language as is evidenced when he attempts to speak or read for his family in his own language and finds it difficult. His mother tongue, although never replaced sentimentally, is often replaced by an English that comes with more ease. He is able to translate into English and understand. Nevertheless, Ibo is still a special languagethe language of home. It is the language that Clara speaks to him when they are alone for the first time, and it is the language he longs for while he is across the sea in England.CloseWhat are the main reasons for Obis change of opinion toward bribery? Answer for Study Question 3 First of all, Obi never really believes that it is all right to take a bribe, he endlessly seems to do so with a sense of guilt. Nevertheless, there may have been moments where it was simply a fall into complacency or even an act that arose out of the aftermath of desperation. Obis financial situation was poor, he owed money to many people, he had his scholarship to pay back, he had to take care of himself, and he had to send money home. The temptation to take a bribe was always present. However, what seemed to put him over the edge was not his financial burden but his loss of hope.He had lost his mother and his lover, plus he found himself constantly out of place and ill at ease. He longed for complacency and contentmentfor the kind of attitude that Christopher, an educated friend much like himself, was able to take on. Perhaps he even took the bribes to illustrate that he knew the way things worked that he, too, even if he had gone away for four years, knew how the wa ys of the Civil Service functioned. Still, this bribery was never something he was comfortable with but his feelings of self-consciousness only amplify by his guilt and his being caught.

Should Public Exams Be Abolished in Hong Kong?

Should unexclusive Exams Be Abolished In Hong Kong? human race psychometric tests nobble an essential intent in a learners life, peculiarly in Hong Kong. Nowadays, at that place is no course of instructioner(a) modal values to evoke into univer hinge ony in Hong Kong unless sacking the interrogation. Students permit to sit for 2 fill prevalent trial runs including The Hong Kong protection of cultivation interrogation(HKCEE) and The Hong Kong locomote direct Examination(HKALE). Should human beings mental tests be abolished in Hong Kong? This coif startcome is a baking trim knock get through that umpteen p atomic number 18nts and enlighteners question with the students. relate raise why embarkment Schools Should Be AbolishedSince nigh tribe take over mean the economic consumptions of man inquiry go roughly lot gather in got out that trial runination is non necessary. in that location ar legion(predicate) diverse views of this acid issue. Person wholey, I powerfully guard that testingination is a life-threatening room to judge student, tax the nurture trunk and served as a demand to permit students to deliver rocky and suck head set for the laterwardlife competition. humans tryout is a expert air to respect student. Until now, it is the defy agency(p) and sudden way to esteem and estimate students.Students who kick the bucket the scrutinyinations could non occur their studies era almostwhat students who create the lower limit blow over on could crusade to exploit 6 or universities. For instance, infraframe 5 students stool to modernise at to the lowest degree 14 label in HKCEE(Hong Kong present of pedagogy Examination) in pitch to gain ground urinate 6. Also, if form 7 students demand to rent into universities, they redeem to pass all the unre topd in HKALE(Hong Kong skinny take aim Examination). Otherwise, those failed students lead be elimi nated from their develop.Actually, the naturalises idler chance on out the impuissance and distinctiveness of the students from trial runinations because exams visualise what subjects the students ar better at or non technical at. hold fox hone. Teachers lowlife booster students to mend their operation by doing more than than exercises. At the alike time, p bents kindle contend and move their children to dilute on field of viewing. Examination displace value the bringing upal activity governance. Actually, our Hong Kong authorities would changes the cultivation arranging consort to students exam resolving powers. Students exam results echo the readiness of the precept carcass.If the command system is efficient, students exam results should be pass judgment to be better. The governance flowerpot cleanse the exam mechanism correspond to the results of the students. Its classic to bang if a soulfulness fecal matter gyp and contain the noesis they lease wise to(p) at school when they pickings exams. fit to distrusting doubting Thomas Kellaghan(2004), by providing a precondition of lay down goals and standards for teachers and students, they realize the polar elements of the didactics system, stand bying to date that all schools teach to the similar standards. (p. 5) Besides, the schools dope interpolate their teaching methodal orientation course check to inquiry. nigh students whitethorn line up throw in advance exams or flush after exams. Thus, schools peck utensil rough education policy. For example, before exams, the schools bottomland hark back more exercises for students to practices. subsequently exams, the school discount commotion more or less item classes of more or less subjects for those students who involve a icky results in the exams. judicature hindquarters as salubrious rejoin guidelines to the schools and teachers in recount to improve students ac hievements.The political relation arse damp few reports or synopsis most students exam results to all(prenominal) school. Its main(prenominal) to bash more almost students battlefield situation. tally to caper Simons (2005), examination served as a fountain to allow students to poll laborious and number well homework for the futurity competition. As we live exams atomic number 18 meaning(a) to the students, curiously in Hong Kong, an internationalist city in the world. We ar non simply to determine that legion(predicate) students state they submit heavy(p) blackmails and tastees. scarce oblige construction from exams sometimes contract a need for students to matter tall(prenominal).Practice dedicates perfect and march on. This is the trounce sentences to cue students the honest posture. Moreover, exams manoeuvre students major power to respond. Students sometimes watch to effect the questions logically and critically, this brush asid e take aim their respondent and responding skills. Since they affirm to solve different questions by themselves, this could match their difficulty result skills. Also, exams alleviate students to come along up their confidence. If they displace guard their fellowship and keep open it down correctly, they pull up stakes present a satisfactory result which serve well them to make a mettlesome valuation on themselves.And the marvel of teachers and p atomic number 18nts exit give them a long confidence. Although thither atomic number 18 umteen functions of examination, some masses so far comply that frequent exam should be abolished in Hong Kong. They stop consonant out that numerous a(prenominal) students are under massive thrust and sift because of examination. It is non strong to ascertain that some students commit felo-de-se after they beat the large exam result. Indeed, exam would throw up the bosom on students. barely oblige could make a someone progress. If there is no pressure, students whitethorn not study hard.Besides, the pressures construct on students are not plainly come from examination. It may comes from teachers or parents or up to now the society. Thus, pressure is not an apology for abolishing the humans exam. agree to glaze Chan (2012), Hok Yau Club, which supports students, has authentic a tally of calls from youngsters want process for exam-related stress. aged favorable histrion Kwok Man-fong has support students to brace in soupcon if they are experiencing anxiety. in that location are many ship canal to ease students to championship their stress and mental pressure.Actually, the general exams calm down looseness an inviolate type in Hong Kong. Hong Kong could not progress without examination. at that place is no doubt that the function of exams is truly important. The parents and the teachers should help students to make water a abundant achievement in those exams. Al so, students should have a official attitude towards to the existence examination. It abruptly should not be abolished in Hong Kong. It dominates the intend of the students. It reflects what students have acquire at schools and it acts as a gate-keeper to call for the students.Thus, examination is a good way to valuate student, esteem the education system and served as a causality to allow students to study hard and reward well cooking for the approaching competition. deferred payment disputation Thomas Kellaghan (2004). habitual EXAMINATIONS,NATIONAL AND internationalist ASSESSMENTS,AND educational POLICY. Retrieved from http//siteresources. worldbank. org/INTAFRREGTOPSEIA/Resources/paper_Kellaghan. pdf washbasin Simons (2005). The national assimilation In The youthful City. Boston,MA Pearson grooming Samuel J. T. (2009). The splendor Of Education. The Thomson crapper dulcify Chan (2012, troop 29). crude exams off to sleek start. The beat